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Questions and Answers
What is the primary concern for clients regarding skin masses on their pets?
What is the primary concern for clients regarding skin masses on their pets?
Neoplasms from other body parts frequently develop skin metastases.
Neoplasms from other body parts frequently develop skin metastases.
False
What is the most valuable initial diagnostic test when investigating a skin tumor?
What is the most valuable initial diagnostic test when investigating a skin tumor?
cytology
The advantages of cytology include its low cost and short time required to obtain results. Cytology samples are stained using a __________ stain.
The advantages of cytology include its low cost and short time required to obtain results. Cytology samples are stained using a __________ stain.
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Match the following terms related to skin tumors with their definitions:
Match the following terms related to skin tumors with their definitions:
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Which of the following is NOT a potential treatment plan for skin tumors?
Which of the following is NOT a potential treatment plan for skin tumors?
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It takes more than 10 minutes to provide a diagnosis from cytology if the clinician interprets the slides themselves.
It takes more than 10 minutes to provide a diagnosis from cytology if the clinician interprets the slides themselves.
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What skill is valuable for a companion animal clinician in relation to skin tumors?
What skill is valuable for a companion animal clinician in relation to skin tumors?
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What is the most common canine skin tumor?
What is the most common canine skin tumor?
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Lipomas are a malignant form of skin tumor.
Lipomas are a malignant form of skin tumor.
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What triggers the dystrophic calcification seen in Calcinosis circumscripta?
What triggers the dystrophic calcification seen in Calcinosis circumscripta?
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Canine cutaneous histiocytomas typically resolve in _____ weeks.
Canine cutaneous histiocytomas typically resolve in _____ weeks.
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Match the following dog breeds with their associated conditions:
Match the following dog breeds with their associated conditions:
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What is the typical appearance of a lipoma upon palpation?
What is the typical appearance of a lipoma upon palpation?
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Systemic histiocytosis is a benign condition found in dogs.
Systemic histiocytosis is a benign condition found in dogs.
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What type of cells are primarily involved in canine cutaneous histiocytomas?
What type of cells are primarily involved in canine cutaneous histiocytomas?
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Hemangiomas are commonly located on the _____ abdomen and medial thighs.
Hemangiomas are commonly located on the _____ abdomen and medial thighs.
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Match the following tumors with their descriptions:
Match the following tumors with their descriptions:
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Which tumor requires histological examination for differential diagnosis?
Which tumor requires histological examination for differential diagnosis?
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Histiocytomas can be confused with systemic histiocytosis because they both involve histiocytes.
Histiocytomas can be confused with systemic histiocytosis because they both involve histiocytes.
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What is a characteristic feature of the cytology of a lipoma?
What is a characteristic feature of the cytology of a lipoma?
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An infiltrative lipoma can be challenging to diagnose as it infiltrates through _____ muscle.
An infiltrative lipoma can be challenging to diagnose as it infiltrates through _____ muscle.
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Which tumor type should be removed immediately according to its urgency?
Which tumor type should be removed immediately according to its urgency?
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Cytology is always sufficient for a definitive diagnosis of all tumor types.
Cytology is always sufficient for a definitive diagnosis of all tumor types.
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What is the most common cutaneous neoplasm with malignant potential in dogs?
What is the most common cutaneous neoplasm with malignant potential in dogs?
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Histiocytoma, lipoma, follicular cyst, sebaceous hyperplasia, and basal cell tumor are all examples of __________ in dogs.
Histiocytoma, lipoma, follicular cyst, sebaceous hyperplasia, and basal cell tumor are all examples of __________ in dogs.
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Match the following tumor types with their characteristics:
Match the following tumor types with their characteristics:
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Which of the following tumors can resolve spontaneously?
Which of the following tumors can resolve spontaneously?
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Histology is more expensive than cytology.
Histology is more expensive than cytology.
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What is the main disadvantage of using cytology over histology?
What is the main disadvantage of using cytology over histology?
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The __________ are often located on the eyelids and are common in older dogs.
The __________ are often located on the eyelids and are common in older dogs.
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Match the following tumor types with their most common animal group:
Match the following tumor types with their most common animal group:
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Which animal breed is mentioned as being commonly affected by sebaceous gland hyperplasia?
Which animal breed is mentioned as being commonly affected by sebaceous gland hyperplasia?
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Mast cell tumors are the 5th most common canine skin tumor.
Mast cell tumors are the 5th most common canine skin tumor.
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What type of tumors are inflammatory tumors and what can cause them?
What type of tumors are inflammatory tumors and what can cause them?
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Aspiration of a follicular cyst reveals __________ material.
Aspiration of a follicular cyst reveals __________ material.
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What is a critical differentiator between sebaceous adenomas and sebaceous gland hyperplasia?
What is a critical differentiator between sebaceous adenomas and sebaceous gland hyperplasia?
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What percentage of all canine skin neoplasms do benign sebaceous and apocrine gland tumors constitute?
What percentage of all canine skin neoplasms do benign sebaceous and apocrine gland tumors constitute?
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Sebaceous gland epitheliomas are more common than sebaceous gland adenomas.
Sebaceous gland epitheliomas are more common than sebaceous gland adenomas.
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Which type of benign neoplasm is characterized by large, foamy looking cells?
Which type of benign neoplasm is characterized by large, foamy looking cells?
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Complete excision is __________ for benign sebaceous and apocrine gland tumors.
Complete excision is __________ for benign sebaceous and apocrine gland tumors.
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Where are sebaceous gland adenomas most commonly found?
Where are sebaceous gland adenomas most commonly found?
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Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant epithelial neoplasm in dogs.
Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant epithelial neoplasm in dogs.
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What is a characteristic feature of squamous cell carcinoma cells?
What is a characteristic feature of squamous cell carcinoma cells?
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Hepatoid gland adenomas are derived from modified __________ glands surrounding the rectum.
Hepatoid gland adenomas are derived from modified __________ glands surrounding the rectum.
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What type of neoplasm is often confused with apocrine gland adenocarcinomas?
What type of neoplasm is often confused with apocrine gland adenocarcinomas?
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Castration of a dog may lead to regression of hepatocellular adenomas.
Castration of a dog may lead to regression of hepatocellular adenomas.
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What are the three subtypes of follicular neoplasms?
What are the three subtypes of follicular neoplasms?
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Sebaceous gland adenomas that develop on the eyelids are also referred to as __________ gland adenomas.
Sebaceous gland adenomas that develop on the eyelids are also referred to as __________ gland adenomas.
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Match the following types of tumors with their description:
Match the following types of tumors with their description:
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Which type of tumor is known for being highly invasive and quick to metastasize?
Which type of tumor is known for being highly invasive and quick to metastasize?
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What is suggested about the metastatic lesions in grey horses with lesions?
What is suggested about the metastatic lesions in grey horses with lesions?
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Equine sarcoids tend to metastasize and are easily excised.
Equine sarcoids tend to metastasize and are easily excised.
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What common cause is linked to cutaneous hemangiosarcomas in dogs?
What common cause is linked to cutaneous hemangiosarcomas in dogs?
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The most common skin tumor of horses is called ________.
The most common skin tumor of horses is called ________.
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Which type of cells are often revealed through cytology of equine sarcoids?
Which type of cells are often revealed through cytology of equine sarcoids?
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Dogs with cutaneous hemangiosarcomas typically do not develop multiple neoplasms.
Dogs with cutaneous hemangiosarcomas typically do not develop multiple neoplasms.
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What virus is currently thought to be associated with the development of equine sarcoids?
What virus is currently thought to be associated with the development of equine sarcoids?
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Match the following tumors with their characteristics:
Match the following tumors with their characteristics:
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What types of neoplasms can develop on the external skin of the anus?
What types of neoplasms can develop on the external skin of the anus?
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Apocrine gland adenocarcinomas are benign and do not metastasize.
Apocrine gland adenocarcinomas are benign and do not metastasize.
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What is the primary systemic effect of hepatoid gland adenomas?
What is the primary systemic effect of hepatoid gland adenomas?
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Canine mammary neoplasms often consist of glandular and ductular structures lined by __________ cells.
Canine mammary neoplasms often consist of glandular and ductular structures lined by __________ cells.
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Match the following tumor types with their descriptions:
Match the following tumor types with their descriptions:
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What is one of the benefits of early spaying in dogs?
What is one of the benefits of early spaying in dogs?
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Most canine mast cell tumors are associated with a grave prognosis.
Most canine mast cell tumors are associated with a grave prognosis.
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What is the easiest feature to recognize cytologically in mast cell tumors?
What is the easiest feature to recognize cytologically in mast cell tumors?
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Cytology tends to be a poor predictor of the behavior of __________ tumors.
Cytology tends to be a poor predictor of the behavior of __________ tumors.
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What is the most critical prognostic factor in feline mammary gland neoplasia?
What is the most critical prognostic factor in feline mammary gland neoplasia?
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Castration prevents the development of testicular tumors in dogs.
Castration prevents the development of testicular tumors in dogs.
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Which dog breeds are predisposed to mast cell tumors?
Which dog breeds are predisposed to mast cell tumors?
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Feline mammary adenocarcinomas often metastasize via __________.
Feline mammary adenocarcinomas often metastasize via __________.
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What percentage of mammary neoplasms in dogs are considered benign?
What percentage of mammary neoplasms in dogs are considered benign?
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What is the nature of feline cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs)?
What is the nature of feline cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs)?
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MCTs that develop in the gastrointestinal tract of cats are benign.
MCTs that develop in the gastrointestinal tract of cats are benign.
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What is the common treatment method for feline cutaneous MCTs?
What is the common treatment method for feline cutaneous MCTs?
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Equine MCTs are more likely to be __________ than neoplastic.
Equine MCTs are more likely to be __________ than neoplastic.
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Match the tumor type to its primary characteristic:
Match the tumor type to its primary characteristic:
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Which of the following statements about dermal melanomas in dogs is correct?
Which of the following statements about dermal melanomas in dogs is correct?
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Cutaneous plasmacytomas in dogs are rarely associated with multiple myeloma.
Cutaneous plasmacytomas in dogs are rarely associated with multiple myeloma.
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What is the characteristic appearance of the nucleus in cells of a plasmacytoma?
What is the characteristic appearance of the nucleus in cells of a plasmacytoma?
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Approximately _____% of dogs with nail-bed melanomas will have developed metastases by diagnosis.
Approximately _____% of dogs with nail-bed melanomas will have developed metastases by diagnosis.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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What percentage of cutaneous plasmacytomas may recur after excision?
What percentage of cutaneous plasmacytomas may recur after excision?
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Surgical excision of dermal melanoma in dogs is usually curative if done correctly.
Surgical excision of dermal melanoma in dogs is usually curative if done correctly.
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Name one common location for plasmacytomas to develop in dogs.
Name one common location for plasmacytomas to develop in dogs.
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Soft tissue sarcomas can metastasize, but more frequently result in __________ recurrence.
Soft tissue sarcomas can metastasize, but more frequently result in __________ recurrence.
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What is a common misconception regarding equine mast cell tumors?
What is a common misconception regarding equine mast cell tumors?
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Study Notes
Neoplastic Tumors
- Skin masses are commonly seen in companion animals and pose both diagnostic challenges and economic opportunities for veterinarians.
- Primary skin neoplasms are more prevalent than metastatic neoplasms from other body sites.
- Definitive diagnosis is crucial for selecting appropriate treatment, which can include observation, surgical excision, or chemotherapy.
- Cytology is the primary diagnostic test for skin tumors, often using fine needle aspiration.
- For surface-oriented masses, such as squamous cell carcinomas, tissue scrapes may be more effective than aspiration.
- Cytology is cost-effective, requires no sedation, and provides rapid results, typically within 24 hours if sent to a laboratory.
- Differentiating between inflammatory and neoplastic processes is important for treatment planning and client communication.
- The most common benign skin tumors in dogs include histiocytomas, lipomas, follicular cysts, sebaceous hyperplasia/adenomas, and basal cell tumors.
- Malignant potential in skin tumors is primarily associated with mast cell tumors, which rank sixth among common canine skin tumors.
Non-Neoplastic Tumors
- Non-neoplastic tumors arise from non-neoplastic cells and can either resolve spontaneously or require surgical excision.
- Inflammatory tumors may result from bacterial, viral, or fungal infections, or trauma, and can often be treated conservatively.
- Nevus (focal adnexal hyperplasia) consists of benign collagen or adnexa and requires excision only if symptomatic.
- Sebaceous gland hyperplasia frequently occurs in certain dog breeds and appears as wart-like growths; excision is curative but multiple lesions may develop over time.
- Follicular cysts (dermal cysts) form from malformed hair follicles that trap keratin, often leading to inflammation and possible rupture.
- Calcinosis circumscripta develops as a nodular mass, predominantly in young large breed dogs, resulting from dystrophic calcification due to trauma.
Possibly Neoplastic Tumors
- Canine cutaneous histiocytomas are the most common benign skin tumors in dogs, characterized by localized histiocyte proliferation with spontaneous resolution in weeks.
- Lipomas, subcutaneous fat deposits, are the second most common skin tumor, typically mobile and benign, requiring excision only if they interfere with function.
- Hemangiomas are well-differentiated vascular tumors, often associated with solar exposure; complete excision is curative.
Primary Skin Neoplasms
- Epithelial neoplasms arise from skin adnexal structures and are classified as adenomas (benign) or adenocarcinomas (malignant).
- Benign sebaceous and apocrine gland adenomas account for 10% of canine skin neoplasms and are commonly found on eyelids, limbs, and trunk.
- Basal cell tumors, common in dogs, cats, and horses, arise from follicular basal cells and can be pigmented; excision is curative.
- Follicular neoplasms include trichoepithelioma, pilomatricoma, and intracutaneous cornifying epithelioma and are mainly benign.
- Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant epithelial neoplasm, particularly in cats, linked to UV exposure and presenting as ulcerated lesions.
- Hepatoid gland adenomas, testosterone-responsive skin tumors in dogs, resemble hepatocytes on cytology and are most common in uncastrated males.### Hepatoid Gland Adenomas vs. Apocrine Gland Adenocarcinomas
- Hepatoid gland adenomas develop externally around the anus, detectable by touch.
- Apocrine gland adenocarcinomas arise within the anal sacs, presenting as diffuse perineal swelling.
- Hepatoid gland adenomas are benign, testosterone-responsive, with no systemic effects.
- Apocrine gland adenocarcinomas can produce PTH-rp, are infiltrative, metastatic, and often fatal.
- Castration reduces the likelihood of hepatoid gland adenomas, prostatic disorders, and testicular tumors.
Mammary Gland Tumors in Dogs and Cats
- Common in both dogs (50-80% benign) and cats (almost always malignant).
- Early spaying significantly lowers the risk of mammary neoplasms in dogs.
- Canine mammary tumors often feature glandular structures with anaplastic cells, and bone and cartilage may be present.
- Tumors that are harder and more nodular tend to be benign.
- Cytology is often inadequate for differentiating mammary adenomas from adenocarcinomas.
- Feline mammary adenocarcinomas metastasize quickly and may spread to skin.
- Tumor size is critical for prognosis in cats; larger tumors indicate worse outcomes.
- Early spaying does not impact mammary cancer risk in cats.
Round Cell Neoplasms
- Round cells originate in the bone marrow and travel to skin, losing mobility upon settling.
- Low interaction between these cells leads to distinct cytological features.
Mast Cell Tumors (MCTs)
- MCTs are the 6th most common tumors in dogs and 21% of feline skin tumors.
- Nearly all feline MCTs are benign, while canine MCTs can be malignant with variable behavior.
- Diagnosis typically via cytology, revealing round cells with dark purple granules.
- Canine MCTs can be low or high grade based on histological invasion and differentiation.
- Low-grade canine MCT removal is often curative; however, recurrence occurs in 5-15%.
- High-grade MCTs have poorer prognoses and can metastasize early.
- Feline cutaneous MCTs are usually benign and localized; surgical excision is curative.
Cutaneous Plasmacytoma
- Occur in dogs mainly in the mouth, feet, and pinnae; rare in cats.
- Cytology shows non-cohesive round cells with a characteristic ‘clock-face’ nucleus.
- Generally do not recur locally, but new plasmacytomas may arise.
- Cats are more likely to develop plasmacytomas linked to multiple myeloma, which affects prognosis.
Spindle Cell Tumors
- Develop from connective tissue; soft tissue sarcomas are a common type in dogs.
- Cytology often shows spindle-shaped cells within visible bundles.
- Can be infiltrative despite seeming encapsulated; local recurrence is about 30%.
- Complete excision attempts should prioritize wide margins to reduce recurrence risks.
Dermal Melanoma
- Common in dogs, its behavior varies depending on skin location.
- Non-haired skin melanomas (e.g., nail-bed, mucocutaneous junction) are generally malignant.
- Canine melanomas on haired skin are often benign; complete excision is typically curative.
- Feline and equine melanomas are often malignant and affirmatively require careful monitoring.
Cutaneous Hemangiosarcoma
- Primarily affects older dogs, induced by sunlight; often found on the ventrum.
- Typically, only metastasize late in progression; multiple lesions can develop.
- Excision is usually effective, but preventive measures against sun exposure are imperative.
Equine Sarcoid
- Most common skin tumor in horses, associated with bovine papillomavirus (BPV).
- Develops variably in clinical presentation, usually in trauma-prone areas.
- Cytology reveals spindle-shaped cells, while histology shows fibroblast proliferation without metastasis.
- Local recurrence is common, and treatment remains inconsistent.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the identification and implications of neoplastic and non-neoplastic tumors, particularly those that develop on the skin of companion animals. Understanding these masses is crucial for veterinarians to provide appropriate treatment plans and effectively address client concerns. Test your knowledge on this important topic in veterinary medicine.