Neoplasia Chapter 5

Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism by which mutations occur during DNA replication and cell division?

Increased rate of cellular proliferation

Error-prone repair process during DNA replication (correct)

Increased exposure to mutagenic hormones

Chronic inflammation associated with cancer

Which of the following factors contributes to the development of cancer?

Chronic inflammation (correct)

Genetic inheritance

Age-related decline in cellular function

All of the above

What is the typical age range for most cancer deaths to occur?

75-95

65-85

55-75 (correct)

45-65

Which of the following is a consequence of chronic inflammation?

Increased risk of cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between age and cancer incidence?

Cancer incidence increases with age Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of mutation that can contribute to cancer development?

Somatic mutations Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increased exposure to mutagenic hormones on cancer risk?

Increased cancer risk Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of the accumulation of somatic mutations?

Increased cancer incidence Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of a fibroadenoma of the breast when viewed microscopically?

Fibrous capsule delineating the tumor Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast?

Highly encapsulated tumor Signup and view all the answers

How does the texture of an invasive ductal carcinoma typically present upon examination?

Stony-hard Signup and view all the answers

What type of breast tissue change occurs due to invasive ductal carcinoma?

Destruction of adipose tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is a common presentation of a fibroadenoma in contrast to invasive ductal carcinoma?

Sharp demarcation from surrounding tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which microscopic characteristic helps identify nests and cords of tumor cells associated with invasive ductal carcinoma?

Infiltrative growth patterns Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the text excerpt provided?

The genetic and epigenetic alterations that contribute to cancer cell properties. Signup and view all the answers

What does the text imply about the role of cancer-promoting factors in the development of cancer cell properties?

Cancer-promoting factors can accelerate the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations, contributing to the development of cancer cell properties. Signup and view all the answers

What are the defining characteristics of cancer cells?

All of the above. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between sustained angiogenesis and the development of cancer cell properties?

Sustained angiogenesis is a direct consequence of genetic and epigenetic alterations in cancer cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the author's primary intention in highlighting the "acquired" nature of cancer cell properties?

To emphasize that cancer cells are not fundamentally different from normal cells, but rather evolve over time. Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of the text's mention of "evasion of immune surveillance"?

Cancer cells can suppress the immune system, making them harder to eliminate. Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the "invasion and metastasis" and "evasion of immune surveillance" properties of cancer cells?

Evasion of immune surveillance facilitates invasion and metastasis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of selective advantage in cancer cell evolution?

To allow certain cells to dominate and proliferate Signup and view all the answers

How are epigenetic alterations in cancer defined?

Heritable changes in gene expression without altering the DNA Signup and view all the answers

What implication does genetic heterogeneity in cancer have?

It complicates cancer progression and therapy response Signup and view all the answers

What is often a characteristic of malignant tumors in terms of their genetic composition?

They are usually genetically heterogeneous Signup and view all the answers

In cancer, what has been observed regarding the expression of cancer genes?

They may change significantly across different tumor stages Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about mutations in cancer cells?

All mutations lead to cancer development Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of subclones in a tumor suggest?

There is ongoing evolution and adaptation within the tumor Signup and view all the answers

Epigenetic changes often play a role in which of the following?

Alterations in gene expression without altering DNA sequence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of oncogenes in normal cell growth and development?

They regulate the transcription of genes involved in cell growth and differentiation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between oncogenes and proto-oncogenes?

Oncogenes are mutated forms of proto-oncogenes that promote uncontrolled cell growth. Signup and view all the answers

Why are oncogenes considered dominant genes in the context of cancer development?

Because a mutation in a single allele of an oncogene is sufficient to cause uncontrolled cell growth. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios is most likely to lead to the activation of a proto-oncogene into an oncogene?

A mutation that increases the expression of the proto-oncogene. Signup and view all the answers

How do tumor suppressor genes normally function to prevent cancer development?

They induce programmed cell death (apoptosis) in cells with damaged DNA. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes the role of tumor suppressor genes in the context of cancer development?

Tumor suppressor genes are often mutated in cancer cells, contributing to the uncontrolled growth. Signup and view all the answers

The text describes how metastatic cancer cells can spread throughout the body. What is the most likely explanation for the ability of these cells to migrate to distant sites?

Metastatic cells produce enzymes that dissolve the extracellular matrix, allowing them to break free from the original tumor. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of tumor suppressor genes in preventing uncontrolled cell growth?

Suppressing the expression of genes that promote cell growth. Signup and view all the answers

Driver mutations can also affect the neoplasm and natural pathways of locational sympathetic microRNAs.

True Signup and view all the answers

A sentinel lymph node biopsy is used to gauge tumor aggressiveness.

False Signup and view all the answers

Lymph node enlargement is always a sign of an oncoprotein.

False Signup and view all the answers

Driver mutations can cause drainage of the immune system.

False Signup and view all the answers

Single-nucleotide substitutions and small insertions and deletions are the most common type of driver mutations.

True Signup and view all the answers

All driver mutations affect the genes that encode proteins.

False Signup and view all the answers

Lymph node biopsy is always necessary for cancer diagnosis.

False Signup and view all the answers

Driver mutations always lead to the activation of oncoproteins.

False Signup and view all the answers

The microscopic appearance of a fibroadenoma demonstrates a fibrous capsule that sharply demarcates the tumor from the surrounding tissue.

True Signup and view all the answers

Invasive ductal carcinoma is characterized by its soft, pliable texture upon palpation.

False Signup and view all the answers

The microscopic view of invasive ductal carcinoma reveals nests and cords of tumor cells invading the breast stroma and fat.

True Signup and view all the answers

Fibroadenomas are typically large, infiltrating tumors that cause significant tissue retraction.

False Signup and view all the answers

The fibrous capsule of a fibroadenoma acts as a barrier, preventing the tumor from invading surrounding breast tissue.

True Signup and view all the answers

Invasive ductal carcinoma, unlike fibroadenoma, demonstrates a lack of distinct borders and infiltrates surrounding breast tissue.

True Signup and view all the answers

The BCR-ABL fusion protein is generated through a balanced translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 in chronic myeloid leukemia.

True Signup and view all the answers

The BCR-ABL fusion protein has a constitutively active tyrosine kinase activity that contributes to cancer development.

True Signup and view all the answers

Burkitt lymphoma is characterized by a translocation involving chromosomes 8 and 14, leading to the formation of a chimeric gene.

True Signup and view all the answers

Tumor progression is a process that only occurs in the early stages of cancer development.

False Signup and view all the answers

The text implies that cancer cells are static and unchanging once they arise.

False Signup and view all the answers

The "single founding cell" theory suggests that cancer arises from a single cell mutation and does not require additional genetic changes.

False Signup and view all the answers

Tumor progression is driven solely by genetic mutations, with no role for epigenetic alterations.

False Signup and view all the answers

The text implies that the evolution of cancer cells is a random process without any selection pressure.

False Signup and view all the answers

Passenger mutations are solely detrimental and have no potential to contribute to cancer resistance.

False Signup and view all the answers

The presence of passenger mutations in cancer cells is always a sign of weakness, making them more vulnerable to treatment.

False Signup and view all the answers

The "mutator phenotype" is a consequence of passenger mutations that increase the rate of DNA replication errors.

True Signup and view all the answers

Passenger mutations can create variants that increase susceptibility to therapeutic agents, making them more vulnerable to treatment.

False Signup and view all the answers

The "mutator phenotype" refers to a genetic predisposition to developing cancer due to inherited mutations.

False Signup and view all the answers

The "mutator phenotype" is a phenomenon observed only in inherited forms of cancer.

False Signup and view all the answers

Passenger mutations are considered irrelevant to the development and progression of cancer.

False Signup and view all the answers

The "mutator phenotype" only occurs in cells that are actively dividing.

False Signup and view all the answers

Carcinomas are primarily favored to spread through blood vessels.

False Signup and view all the answers

Thin-walled veins are more penetrable than thick-walled normal proteins.

True Signup and view all the answers

Gastrointestinal cancers rarely spread through the portal system to the liver.

False Signup and view all the answers

Blood-borne tumors encode an oncogenic fusion protein that originates from two cells.

True Signup and view all the answers

Sarcomas are usually arrested in the first capillary bed they encounter.

True Signup and view all the answers

Other cancers, such as adenocarcinomas, often metastasize as far as the lungs.

True Signup and view all the answers

Blood cancers and sarcomas often spread through the gastrointestinal tract.

False Signup and view all the answers

Oncogenes are predominantly associated with metastatic cancer spread.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of cancer spread through the blood vessels?

Through hemangioendotheliomas Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of rearrangement of chromosomes in cancer cells?

Creation of oncogenic fusion proteins Signup and view all the answers

How do cancer cells evade immune surveillance?

Through antigen presentation modulation and immune checkpoint activation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of proto-oncogenes in normal cell growth and development?

Regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of sustained angiogenesis on cancer development?

Promotes tumor growth and metastasis Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of cancer cells that allows them to metastasize?

Loss of adhesion molecules and acquisition of migratory phenotype Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of tumor suppressor genes in preventing cancer development?

Regulation of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

How do genetic alterations in cancer cells lead to their hallmark capabilities?

Through the activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes Signup and view all the answers

What type of genetic event leads to the formation of an oncogene, as depicted in Figure 5.12?

Chromosomal translocation Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the gene involved in the chromosomal translocation shown in Figure 5.12?

MYC Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the chromosomal translocation shown in Figure 5.12 in terms of gene expression?

Increased expression of the MYC gene Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the process by which cancers progress through the accumulation of genetic mutations?

Darwinian evolution Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of pro-growth genes in the context of cancer development?

They promote cell growth and division Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the process by which cancers are initiated and progress?

Multistep process Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the expression of pro-growth genes and the development of cancer?

Pro-growth genes are overexpressed in cancer, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and division Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the selection process by which cancer cells with advantageous mutations are favored over those without?

Darwinian selection Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes malignant tumors from benign tumors in terms of growth?

Malignant tumors exhibit invasiveness, allowing them to penetrate surrounding tissues, unlike benign tumors which grow slowly and remain encapsulated. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of the capsule formed around benign tumors.

The capsule, formed by fibrous tissue, acts as a barrier that prevents benign tumors from invading nearby tissues. Signup and view all the answers

How do cancer cells enable metastasis?

Cancer cells penetrate through collagen and enter blood vessels, lymphatic channels, or body cavities, facilitating their spread to distant sites. Signup and view all the answers

What are the typical characteristics of encapsulated tumors?

Encapsulated tumors are discrete, movable, and usually easy to excise, which is not commonly seen in malignant tumors. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the significance of local invasion in cancer progression.

Local invasion is significant because it marks the transition from benign to malignant behaviors in tumors. Signup and view all the answers

What physical characteristics provide evidence for a tumor being malignant?

Malignant tumors often lack distinct boundaries, are fixed to surrounding tissues, and infiltrate neighboring areas. Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of malignant tumors contribute to their ability to metastasize?

Malignant tumors have invasive structures that allow cancer cells to break through tissue barriers and spread to non-contiguous sites. Signup and view all the answers

Contrast the growth patterns of benign and malignant tumors.

Benign tumors grow slowly and remain localized, whereas malignant tumors grow rapidly and invade surrounding tissues. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the text suggests that certain environmental factors can lead to increased risk of cancer development. Provide specific examples from the text to support your explanation.

The text states that environmental factors like tobacco smoking, UV radiation, chemotherapy drugs, and certain chemicals can contribute to an increased risk of cancer. These factors often damage DNA, leading to mutations that can trigger uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation. Signup and view all the answers

How does the text differentiate between direct-acting and indirect-acting carcinogens? Briefly explain the mechanisms of action for each type.

Direct-acting carcinogens, like alkylating agents, directly damage DNA without requiring metabolic conversion. Indirect-acting carcinogens, on the other hand, are initially inactive but become carcinogenic after metabolic transformation within the body. These metabolic products then interact with DNA, causing mutations. Signup and view all the answers

The text highlights the role of DNA repair mechanisms in cancer prevention. Explain how errors in these mechanisms can contribute to tumor development.

DNA repair mechanisms are crucial for correcting DNA damage caused by environmental factors and normal cellular processes. When these mechanisms fail, mutations can accumulate, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation. Errors in DNA repair can contribute to the development of oncogenes and the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, both of which play critical roles in cancer development. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the relationship between mutations in germline cells and cancer development, as described in the text. How does this differ from mutations in somatic cells?

Germline mutations are inherited from parents and are present in all cells of an individual, including reproductive cells. These mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to cancer. Somatic mutations, on the other hand, occur in a single cell during an individual's lifetime and are not inherited. These mutations can contribute to tumor development but are not passed on to offspring. Signup and view all the answers

The text mentions the accumulation of mutations and their role in cancer development. How does this process contribute to the development of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes?

The accumulation of mutations can lead to the activation of proto-oncogenes, transforming them into oncogenes that promote uncontrolled cell growth. Mutations can also inactivate tumor suppressor genes, which normally regulate cell growth and division. These alterations in gene function contribute to the development of cancer by disrupting normal cell cycle control. Signup and view all the answers

Why are driver mutations considered crucial in cancer development? What are some common types of driver mutations mentioned in the text?

Driver mutations directly contribute to the development of cancer by altering the function of genes involved in cell growth, division, and survival. These mutations can activate oncogenes or inactivate tumor suppressor genes. The text mentions that single-nucleotide substitutions and small insertions and deletions are common types of driver mutations. Signup and view all the answers

The text briefly discusses the role of the immune system in cancer development. Explain how the immune system can be compromised in cancer, and how this contributes to tumor growth.

Cancer cells can evade immune surveillance by expressing proteins that suppress immune responses or by altering their surface antigens to avoid recognition by immune cells. This immune evasion allows cancer cells to proliferate without being detected and eliminated by the immune system. Signup and view all the answers

The text suggests that cancer cells can acquire specific properties that contribute to their growth and spread. Explain how these acquired properties contribute to the development of a malignant tumor.

Cancer cells can acquire properties like sustained angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels), evasion of immune surveillance, and invasion and metastasis. These properties allow cancer cells to grow uncontrollably, evade the immune system, and spread to distant sites, ultimately leading to the development of a malignant tumor. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which infectious agents, such as HPV, contribute to the development of cancer?

Infectious agents, such as HPV, contribute to the development of cancer by encoding oncoproteins that inactivate p53 and RB, leading to uncontrolled cell growth. Signup and view all the answers

How do mutations in genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 contribute to the development of breast and ovarian tumors?

Mutations in genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 lead to increased genomic instability, contributing to the development of breast and ovarian tumors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Wnt pathway in the development of familial adenomatous polyposis and colon cancer?

The Wnt pathway is involved in the development of familial adenomatous polyposis and colon cancer through increased signaling, leading to uncontrolled cell growth. Signup and view all the answers

How do inherited disorders, such as Retinoblastoma, contribute to the development of cancer?

Inherited disorders, such as Retinoblastoma, contribute to the development of cancer by leading to loss of cell cycle control and increased genomic instability. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Hedgehog pathway in the development of nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome?

The Hedgehog pathway is involved in the development of nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome through increased signaling, leading to uncontrolled cell growth. Signup and view all the answers

How do mutations in genes such as TP53 contribute to the development of Li-Fraumeni syndrome and various tumors?

Mutations in genes such as TP53 lead to increased genomic instability, contributing to the development of Li-Fraumeni syndrome and various tumors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of DNA repair defects in the development of cancer?

DNA repair defects contribute to the development of cancer by leading to increased genomic instability and uncontrolled cell growth. Signup and view all the answers

How do Epstein-Barr virus and other infectious agents contribute to the development of B cell lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

Epstein-Barr virus and other infectious agents contribute to the development of B cell lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinoma through uncertain mechanisms, possibly involving oncoprotein activation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chronic inflammation in the development of gastric carcinoma?

Chronic inflammation contributes to the development of gastric carcinoma by inducing genomic instability and uncontrolled cell growth. Signup and view all the answers

How do germline mutations in genes such as NF1 and NF2 contribute to the development of neurofibromatosis type 1 and 2?

Germline mutations in genes such as NF1 and NF2 lead to increased progrowth signaling, contributing to the development of neurofibromatosis type 1 and 2. Signup and view all the answers

All forms of ______ stem from mutations that alter the function of genes that regulate the behavior of normal cells.

neoplasia Signup and view all the answers

Thus, in essence, cancer is a ______ disease.

genetic Signup and view all the answers

Genes that are recurrently mutated or dysregulated in ______ cells can be referred to as cancer genes.

cancer Signup and view all the answers

Cancer cells acquire ______ properties that allow them to proliferate uncontrollably, evade growth suppressors, resist cell death, induce angiogenesis, invade surrounding tissues, and metastasize to distant sites.

hallmark Signup and view all the answers

These properties are acquired through a series of genetic and epigenetic alterations, often called ______ mutations.

driver Signup and view all the answers

Driver mutations can affect genes that encode proteins involved in ______, cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, and other cellular processes.

cell Signup and view all the answers

The ______ of driver mutations varies widely among different types of cancer.

frequency Signup and view all the answers

Driver mutations can lead to the activation of ______, which promote cell growth and proliferation.

oncogenes Signup and view all the answers

Gene expression is regulated by post-translational ______ modifications of histone proteins.

post Signup and view all the answers

When tumors recur after chemotherapy, the recurrent tumor ______ have undergone epigenetic and genetic alterations.

cells Signup and view all the answers

Cancer cells often acquire ______ to certain drugs, making them resistant to therapy.

resistance Signup and view all the answers

Epigenetic alterations contribute to ______ by allowing cells to evade the immune system.

neoplasia Signup and view all the answers

Gene expression in cancer cells is often deregulated due to ______ alterations in the epigenome.

epigenetic Signup and view all the answers

Cancer cells can develop ______ to certain drugs, making them resistant to therapy.

resistance Signup and view all the answers

Epigenetic alterations can lead to the silencing of ______ genes, contributing to cancer development.

tumor Signup and view all the answers

In cancer, ______ advantage can drive the selection of cells with acquired mutations, leading to tumor progression.

selective Signup and view all the answers

Accumulation of driver and ______ mutations

passenger Signup and view all the answers

Carcinogen-induced ______ mutation

initiating Signup and view all the answers

The normal cell becomes a ______ cell

cancer Signup and view all the answers

Genetically ______ cancer

heterogeneous Signup and view all the answers

Acquisition of ______ hallmarks

cancer Signup and view all the answers

Version to become carcinogenic, and ________________ agents, are present in every cell in the body.

underecognized-accelerating Signup and view all the answers

Initiating mutation leads to the ______ of subclones

emergence Signup and view all the answers

Further genetic ______ leads to the acquisition of cancer hallmarks

evolution Signup and view all the answers

Tobacco smoke contains chemicals such as ________________ that can cause DNA damage and increase the risk of cancer.

benzo[a]pyrene Signup and view all the answers

Prolonged exposure to ________________ light can cause DNA damage and increase the risk of skin cancer.

ultraviolet Signup and view all the answers

The normal cell has ______ properties

stem cell-like Signup and view all the answers

Asbestos is a known carcinogen that can cause ________________ cancer, as well as other types of cancer.

lung Signup and view all the answers

Table 5.2 lists major ________________ and their associated cancers.

carcinogens Signup and view all the answers

Carcinogens can cause ________________ damage, leading to mutations and increasing the risk of cancer.

DNA Signup and view all the answers

Azo dyes are another type of ________________ agent that can increase the risk of cancer.

carcinogenic Signup and view all the answers

Alatoxins are a type of ________________ agent that can cause DNA damage and increase the risk of cancer.

carcinogenic Signup and view all the answers

Invasive cancers can also induce a ______ response associated with newly diagnosed malignant tumors.

stromal Signup and view all the answers

Some benign tumors may lack true ______ and are not discreetly defined.

capsules Signup and view all the answers

Aggravated cancers may require removal of a wide margin of surrounding 'normal' ______.

tissue Signup and view all the answers

Certain malignancies on gross inspection may appear to be ______, but can still invade.

circumscribed Signup and view all the answers

Large, anaplastic tumors are more likely to ______, impacting treatment decisions.

metastasize Signup and view all the answers

Cancerous tissues often destroy surrounding ______ as they grow.

tissues Signup and view all the answers

Even tumors that appear to be encapsulated may have hidden ______ that complicate clinical assessment.

metastases Signup and view all the answers

Invasive tumors may exhibit distinct ______ characteristics that differentiate them from benign counterparts.

distinguishing Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to cancer with their descriptions:

Driver mutations = Affect the genes that encode proteins Lymph node enlargement = Always a sign of an oncoprotein Sentinel lymph node biopsy = Used to gauge tumor aggressiveness MicroRNAs = Small RNAs that regulate gene expression Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to cancer with their effects:

Driver mutations = Can cause drainage of the immune system Oncoproteins = Can lead to uncontrolled cell growth Tumor suppressor genes = Normally function to prevent cancer development MicroRNAs = Can be affected by driver mutations Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cancer-related terms with their characteristics:

Fibroadenoma = Typically large, infiltrating tumors Invasive ductal carcinoma = Characterized by soft, pliable texture upon palpation Lymph node biopsy = Always necessary for cancer diagnosis Oncogenes = Considered dominant genes in the context of cancer development Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to cancer with their relationships:

Oncogenes and proto-oncogenes = Proto-oncogenes can become oncogenes through mutation Tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes = They have opposite effects on cell growth Driver mutations and microRNAs = Driver mutations can affect microRNAs Cancer cells and the immune system = Cancer cells can evade immune surveillance Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cancer-related terms with their functions:

MicroRNAs = Regulate gene expression Oncoproteins = Can lead to uncontrolled cell growth Tumor suppressor genes = Prevent uncontrolled cell growth Sentinel lymph node biopsy = Determines whether cancer has spread to lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to cancer with their implications:

Genetic heterogeneity in cancer = Tumors can have different genetic compositions Epigenetic changes in cancer = Can play a role in cancer development Driver mutations = Can affect the neoplasm and natural pathways Cancer cells evading immune surveillance = Can lead to tumor growth and metastasis Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cancer-related terms with their characteristics:

Malignant tumors = Have a characteristic genetic composition Invasive ductal carcinoma = Has a characteristic microscopic appearance Fibroadenoma = Has a fibrous capsule that sharply demarcates the tumor from surrounding tissue Oncogenes = Are normally involved in cell growth and development Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to cancer with their effects on cancer development:

Driver mutations = Can contribute to cancer development Tumor suppressor genes = Normally prevent cancer development Oncogenes = Can contribute to uncontrolled cell growth MicroRNAs = Can regulate gene expression in cancer cells Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to tumor growth and spread with their corresponding definitions:

Local Invasion = The spread of a tumor to physically discontinuous sites from the primary tumor. Metastasis = The ability of a tumor to penetrate surrounding tissues and structures. Capsule = A fibrous tissue layer that forms around benign tumors, limiting their growth. Malignant = A tumor that has the ability to metastasize and invade surrounding tissues. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cell types involved in tumor development with their roles:

Fibroblasts = Produce collagen, contributing to the formation of the capsule around benign tumors. Stromal Cells = Contribute to the formation of the capsule around benign tumors by producing collagen. Cancer Cells = Possess the ability to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant sites. Metastatic Cells = Cells that have spread from the primary tumor to distant locations. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics with their corresponding tumor type:

Benign Tumor = Encapsulated, slow-growing, and typically non-invasive. Malignant Tumor = Invasive, capable of spreading to distant sites, and typically characterized by rapid growth. Metastatic Tumor = A tumor that has spread to distant sites from the primary tumor. Invasive Tumor = A tumor that has penetrated surrounding tissues and structures. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structures that cancer cells can invade with their corresponding descriptions:

Blood Vessels = Provide a pathway for cancer cells to spread throughout the body. Lymphatic Channels = Allow cancer cells to travel through the lymphatic system, potentially spreading to distant sites. Body Cavities = Can be invaded by cancer cells, allowing them to spread to other organs. Tissue Barriers = Can be penetrated by invasive cancer cells, enabling them to spread to surrounding tissues. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to the spread of cancer with their corresponding descriptions:

Invasion = The process by which cancer cells penetrate surrounding tissues and structures. Metastasis = The spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to distant locations. Dissemination = The spread of cancer cells through the bloodstream, lymphatic system, or other pathways. Angiogenesis = The formation of new blood vessels, which can provide a pathway for cancer cells to spread. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics of cancer cells with their corresponding definitions:

Invasive = The ability of cancer cells to penetrate surrounding tissues and structures. Metastatic = The ability of cancer cells to spread from the primary tumor to distant locations. Malignant = The ability of cancer cells to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant sites. Benign = A tumor that is not invasive or metastatic. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following factors that contribute to the spread of cancer with their corresponding descriptions:

Blood Vessel Formation = New blood vessels can provide a pathway for cancer cells to spread. Lymphatic System = Cancer cells can travel through the lymphatic system, potentially spreading to distant sites. Tissue Breakdown = Cancer cells can produce enzymes that break down surrounding tissues, facilitating invasion. Cell Adhesion = Cancer cells can lose the ability to adhere to each other, allowing them to break away from the primary tumor. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following features that distinguish malignant tumors from benign tumors with their corresponding descriptions:

Invasive Growth = Malignant tumors can invade surrounding tissues, while benign tumors are typically encapsulated. Metastasis = Malignant tumors can spread to distant locations, while benign tumors typically remain localized. Rapid Growth = Malignant tumors typically grow more rapidly than benign tumors. Loss of Differentiation = Malignant tumors often exhibit a loss of normal cell structure and function. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages of cancer development with their corresponding descriptions:

Initiating mutation = Acquisition of cancer hallmarks Accumulation of passenger mutations = Emergence of subclones Acquisition of driver mutations = Initiating event in cancer development Cancer diagnosis = Detection of cancer cell properties Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cancer cell properties with their corresponding characteristics:

Genetically heterogeneous = Diverse genetic composition Evasion of immune surveillance = Ability to avoid immune system detection Invasion and metastasis = Ability to invade and spread to distant sites Sustained angiogenesis = Ability to create new blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to cancer genes with their corresponding descriptions:

Oncogenes = Genes that promote normal cell growth and development Tumor suppressor genes = Genes that prevent uncontrolled cell growth Proto-oncogenes = Genes that can become oncogenes when mutated Driver mutations = Mutations that affect genes encoding proteins Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of mutations with their corresponding effects on cancer development:

Driver mutations = Contribute to cancer development Passenger mutations = Have no effect on cancer development Initiating mutations = Trigger cancer development Epigenetic alterations = Affect gene expression Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics with their corresponding types of breast tumors:

Fibrous capsule = Fibroadenoma Soft, pliable texture = Invasive ductal carcinoma Nests and cords of tumor cells = Invasive ductal carcinoma Large, infiltrating tumors = Fibroadenoma Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts related to cancer diagnosis with their corresponding descriptions:

Lymph node biopsy = Diagnostic tool for cancer diagnosis Sentinel lymph node biopsy = Tool for gauging tumor aggressiveness Tumor suppressor genes = Genes that prevent uncontrolled cell growth Driver mutations = Mutations that affect genes encoding proteins Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements about cancer development with their corresponding implications:

Accumulation of somatic mutations = Contributes to cancer development Evasion of immune surveillance = Enables cancer cells to avoid immune system detection Invasive ductal carcinoma = Characterized by nests and cords of tumor cells Genetic heterogeneity = Diverse genetic composition of cancer cells Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts related to cancer cell evolution with their corresponding descriptions:

Selective advantage = Process that drives cancer cell evolution Epigenetic alterations = Changes that affect gene expression Oncogenes = Genes that promote normal cell growth and development Tumor suppressor genes = Genes that prevent uncontrolled cell growth Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

Gene amplifications = Produce extra copies of one or more oncogenes Oncogenes = Normal genes that have the potential to become cancer-causing Chromosomal mutations = Changes in the number or structure of chromosomes Double minute chromosomes = Small, circular chromosomes that contain extra copies of oncogenes Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cancer types with their characteristics:

Carcinomas = Arise from epithelial cells Fibroadenomas = Benign breast tumors with a fibrous capsule Sarcomas = Arise from connective tissue cells Adenomas = Arise from glandular cells Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Neoplasm = Abnormal growth of new tissue Metastasis = Spread of cancer cells to distant sites Proto-oncogenes = Normal genes that have the potential to become oncogenes Tumor suppressor genes = Genes that help prevent uncontrolled cell growth Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of mutations with their effects:

Driver mutations = Cause cancer by activating oncogenes Passenger mutations = Accumulate in cancer cells but do not contribute to cancer development Point mutations = Change a single base pair in DNA Frameshift mutations = Change the reading frame of DNA sequence Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cancer characteristics with their descriptions:

Invasion and metastasis = Ability of cancer cells to spread to distant sites Evasion of immune surveillance = Ability of cancer cells to evade the immune system Uncontrolled cell growth = Ability of cancer cells to grow and divide uncontrollably Angiogenesis = Ability of cancer cells to form new blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their functions:

Oncoproteins = Proteins that promote uncontrolled cell growth and division Tumor suppressor proteins = Proteins that prevent uncontrolled cell growth and division MicroRNAs = Small RNAs that regulate gene expression Epigenetic modifications = Chemical changes to DNA or histone proteins that affect gene expression Signup and view all the answers

Match the following descriptions with their corresponding terms:

Genetic heterogeneity = Presence of different genetic mutations within a tumor Clonal evolution = Process by which cancer cells accumulate genetic mutations over time Cancer stem cells = Cells that have the ability to self-renew and give rise to new cancer cells Tumor microenvironment = Environment surrounding a tumor that includes blood vessels, immune cells, and other factors Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their effects on cancer development:

Chronic inflammation = Increases the risk of cancer development Epigenetic silencing = Inactivates tumor suppressor genes Genetic instability = Increases the accumulation of genetic mutations Sustained angiogenesis = Provides a blood supply to cancer cells Signup and view all the answers

Match the viruses with their associated cancers:

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) = Kaposi sarcoma, B cell lymphomas Hepatitis B virus = Hepatocellular carcinoma Hepatitis C virus = Hepatocellular carcinoma Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus 1 (HTLV1) = Adult T-cell leukemia Signup and view all the answers

Match the carcinogenic pathway with the virus:

Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus 1 (HTLV1) = Expansion of infected T cells Hepatitis B virus = Chronic liver inflammation Hepatitis C virus = Chronic liver inflammation Helicobacter pylori = Chronic gastritis and immune response Signup and view all the answers

Match the bacteria with the associated cancers:

Helicobacter pylori = Gastric carcinoma, gastric B cell lymphoma Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) = Kaposi sarcoma Hepatitis B virus = Hepatocellular carcinoma Hepatitis C virus = Hepatocellular carcinoma Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of oncogenic signaling with the virus mentioned:

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) = Oncogenic signaling pathways Hepatitis B virus = Chronic liver inflammation Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus 1 (HTLV1) = Expansion of infected T cells Hepatitis C virus = Chronic liver inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Match the virus with its effect on the body:

Hepatitis B virus = Causes chronic liver inflammation Hepatitis C virus = Causes chronic liver inflammation Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) = Activates oncogenic signaling pathways Helicobacter pylori = Stimulates chronic immune response Signup and view all the answers

Match the virus with its uncertainty in cancer causation:

Hepatitis B virus = Uncertain Hepatitis C virus = Uncertain Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) = Uncertain Helicobacter pylori = Uncertain Signup and view all the answers

Match the virus with the mechanisms they utilize:

Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus 1 (HTLV1) = Expansion of infected T cells Hepatitis B virus = Chronic liver inflammation and repair Hepatitis C virus = Chronic liver inflammation and repair Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) = Oncogenic signaling pathways Signup and view all the answers

Match the cancer type with its virus association:

Kaposi sarcoma = Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) Gastric carcinoma = Helicobacter pylori Adult T-cell leukemia = Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus 1 (HTLV1) Hepatocellular carcinoma = Hepatitis B virus Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Neoplasia Overview

Neoplasia refers to the process of tumor formation, which can lead to benign or malignant growths.
Tumors such as fibroadenomas in the breast are encapsulated, sharply demarcated from surrounding tissue.

Breast Tumor Types

Invasive Ductal Carcinoma:
- Characterized by infiltration into surrounding breast tissue, leading to stony-hard masses that can cause tissue retraction.
- Microscopic examinations show nests and cords of tumor cells invading the breast stroma and fat.

Genetic Factors in Cancer

Oncogenes:
- Encode transcription factors or signaling molecules that promote growth. Mutations in a single allele can have oncogenic effects.
Tumor Suppressor Genes:
- Normally prevent uncontrolled cell growth; mutations can disrupt their function, contributing to neoplasia.

Metastasis

Malignant tumors can metastasize through the bloodstream, affecting distant tissues and organs with tumor cells.
Metastatic cancer in the liver exemplifies how primary tumors can spread to other organs.

Epigenetic Changes

Epigenetic alterations do not involve mutations but affect gene expression heritably, influencing tumorigenesis and treatment responses.
These changes can lead to genetic heterogeneity within tumors, complicating cancer evolution and therapy efficacy.

Contributing Factors to Cancer

Age:
- The risk of cancer typically increases with age, with a notable incidence of carcinoma occurring between ages 55 and 75.
Chronic Inflammation:
- Chronic inflammatory conditions are associated with higher rates of mutations, contributing to cancer development.
Hormonal Influence:
- Exposure to mitogenic hormones can elevate the risk of carcinogenesis, particularly in hormone-responsive tissues.

Properties of Cancer Cells

Cancer cells have distinct properties, including sustained angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, and evasion of immune surveillance.
These properties lead to aggressive tumor behavior and treatment challenges, necessitating targeted therapeutic approaches.

Conclusion

Cancer is complex, influenced by genetic, environmental, and epigenetic factors, with implications for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
Continuous research is crucial to unravel the intricacies of cancer biology and improve therapeutic strategies.

Neoplasia and Tumor Types

Fibroadenoma of the breast is a mobilized, encapsulated tumor, distinguished by its tan color and sharply defined edges against surrounding whiter breast tissue.
Invasive ductal carcinoma is characterized by infiltrative growth in breast tissue, leading to tissue retraction and a stony-hard texture upon palpation.
Microscopic examination reveals cancerous nests and cords invading local stroma and fat tissue.

Tumor Genetics and Mutations

Driver mutations significantly influence tumor characteristics, including regulatory RNAs and oncogenes.
The spread of breast cancer is often assessed via sentinel lymph node biopsy, indicating regional lymphatic involvement.
Genetic changes, such as single-nucleotide substitutions and chromosomal rearrangements, contribute to cancer evolution and resistance to treatment.

Metastasis and Disease Progression

Tumors may spread via lymphatics or bloodstream; common sites include the liver, lungs, and bones.
Chimeric genes, like BCR-ABL in chronic myeloid leukemia, exhibit constitutively active tyrosine kinase, promoting malignancy.
Burkitt lymphoma demonstrates tumor progression influenced by additional genetic changes beyond initial driver mutations.

Cancer Hallmarks

Hallmarks of cancer include resistance to cell death, sustained proliferation, evasion of growth suppressors, and induction of angiogenesis.
Passenger mutations can happen alongside driver mutations, causing genomic instability and potentially contributing to drug resistance.

Inflammation and Tumor Development

Tumor-promoting inflammation plays a significant role in cancer pathogenesis, enhancing the mutator phenotype.
Genomic instability, caused by various mutations, further supports cancer evolution and adaptation to therapeutic pressures.

Summary of Key Concepts

Effective treatment strategies rely on understanding tumor genetics and the mechanisms of metastasis.
Continued research is essential to unravel the complexities of cancer development and progression to improve clinical outcomes.

Local Invasion and Metastasis

Invasiveness is a key feature that differentiates malignant tumors from benign ones.
Benign tumors usually grow slowly and develop a fibrous capsule, while malignant tumors have invasive characteristics.
Malignant tumors penetrate surrounding tissues and can infiltrate blood vessels, lymphatic channels, and body cavities, increasing their potential for spread.
Approximately 30% of patients undergoing tumor excision may experience metastasis.
Spread occurs primarily through blood vessels, with sarcomas having a preferred pathway.
Soft-walled veins are more easily penetrated by cancer cells compared to thick-walled arteries.
Bone marrow often arrests circulating cancer cells at the first capillary bed they encounter.

Characteristics of Cancer Spread

Gastric and colon cancers frequently spread through the portal system to the liver.
Different cancers exhibit unique spread patterns, e.g., carcinomas often metastasize to the lungs.
Increased expression of oncogenes, such as MYC, can lead to tumor growth.
Chromosomal translocations can result in the activation of oncogenes, which are key drivers of cancer.

Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis

Cancers arise through a multistep process involving genetic mutations and alterations.
Driver mutations can result from factors such as tobacco exposure, environmental chemicals, radiation, and certain viral infections.
Germline mutations, inherited from parents, can contribute substantially to cancer risk, especially in children.
DNA damage can create oncogenes, which promote uncontrolled cell growth.

Inherited Cancer Syndromes

Several autosomal dominant disorders increase the risk for specific cancer types:
- Retinoblastoma is linked to the RB gene, causing loss of cell cycle control.
- Li-Fraumeni syndrome involves mutations in TP53, leading to genomic instability.
- Familial adenomatous polyposis is associated with the APC gene, disrupting Wnt pathway signaling.
- Breast and ovarian cancer predisposition is linked to BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations.

Infectious Agents and Cancer

Certain viruses have been identified as contributing factors to cancer:
- Human papillomavirus (HPV) is linked to squamous cell carcinomas, particularly in the cervix, by inactivating tumor suppressor proteins like p53 and RB.
- Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with B-cell lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinomas, though its mechanism is not fully understood.

Invasive Cancers and Metastasis

Invasive cancers can trigger a stromal response associated with newly diagnosed malignant tumors, excluding skin cancers.
Fibrosis and slow-growing malignant tumors may lack clinical evidence of metastasis, despite potential hidden metastases present at diagnosis.
Some cancers appear encapsulated but can invade surrounding tissues and may lack true capsules.
Approximately 20% of diagnosed tumors have undetected metastases.
Large, anaplastic cancers are more likely to metastasize, although small primary tumors may also be linked with metastatic disease.

Surgery and Tumor Characteristics

Surgical excision of malignant tumors often necessitates removal of a wide margin of surrounding normal tissue.
Basal cell carcinomas and most primary brain tumors are localized but may exhibit aggressive growth characteristics.
Distinguishing features of tumors are not absolute; some benign tumors may lack discrete capsules and are difficult to define.

Genetic Basis of Neoplasia

Neoplasia is caused by mutations that alter genes regulating normal cell behavior, making cancer fundamentally a genetic disease.
Cancer genes are frequently mutated or dysregulated in cancer cells, influencing gene expression.
Treatments may fail due to genetic and epigenetic alterations that confer drug resistance, often acquired post-chemotherapy.

Carcinogenesis and Mutation Accumulation

Carcinogenesis can involve direct and indirect-acting agents, leading to initiations of mutations.
The accumulation of driver mutations, along with additional mutations, contributes to tumor heterogeneity.
The emergence of subclones in cancer indicates a genetically diverse population of cancer cells.

Carcinogens and Associated Cancers

Tobacco is linked to numerous cancers, including lung, bladder, and pancreatic, primarily through DNA damage.
Ultraviolet light exposure is a significant risk factor for skin cancers, including melanoma.
Asbestos exposure is associated with lung, esophageal, and gastric carcinomas, though its precise mechanisms remain uncertain.

Local Invasion and Metastasis

Invasiveness is a key characteristic that differentiates malignant tumors from benign ones.
Benign tumors typically develop a fibrous tissue capsule that hinders invasiveness; malignant tumors can invade surrounding tissues.
Malignant tumors are classified by their ability to metastasize, meaning they spread to physically distant sites from the primary tumor.
Local invasion involves cancer cells penetrating into collagen and surrounding tissues, facilitated by stromal cells like fibroblasts.
Tumors can invade blood vessels, lymphatic channels, and body cavities, creating opportunities for metastatic spread.

Mechanisms of Tumor Spread

Lymphatic drainage patterns vary based on the primary neoplasm and its association with local lymphatic pathways.
The "sentinel lymph node" serves as the first lymph node receiving drainage from a primary tumor and is critical for assessing cancer spread.
Lymph node biopsy helps determine tumor spread and influences treatment decisions.
Tumor size and lymph node involvement can indicate prognosis and treatment strategies.

Genetic Mutations and Cancer

Driver mutations affect genes responsible for protein encoding and regulatory mechanisms, contributing to cancer progression.
Passenger mutations are typically non-contributory but arise during tumor evolution.
Gene amplifications can lead to excess copies of oncogenes, increasing their activity and promoting tumor growth.
Carcinogen-induced mutations trigger the acquisition of cancer hallmarks, leading to the formation of genetically heterogeneous cancer cells.

Viral and Bacterial Associations with Cancer

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is associated with Kaposi sarcoma and various B cell lymphomas.
Hepatitis B and C viruses are linked to hepatocellular carcinoma through chronic liver inflammation.
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) contributes to Adult T-cell leukemia by promoting proliferation of infected T cells.
Helicobacter pylori is implicated in gastric carcinoma and lymphomas, causing chronic gastritis and stimulating immune responses.

Conclusion

Understanding the dynamics of tumor invasion, metastasis, and genetic mutations is crucial for developing effective cancer diagnoses and treatment approaches.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz covers the topic of neoplasia, specifically focusing on fibroadenoma of the breast. It includes visual aids and microscopic appearances to help with understanding.