Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the typical age range for the presentation of physiologic jaundice of the newborn?
What is the typical age range for the presentation of physiologic jaundice of the newborn?
What is the initial treatment for functional constipation in toddlers?
What is the initial treatment for functional constipation in toddlers?
What is the characteristic finding on liver biopsy in patients with biliary atresia?
What is the characteristic finding on liver biopsy in patients with biliary atresia?
What is the most common pathologic lead point in recurrent intussusception?
What is the most common pathologic lead point in recurrent intussusception?
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What is the typical presentation of tracheoesophageal fistula with esophageal atresia?
What is the typical presentation of tracheoesophageal fistula with esophageal atresia?
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What is the characteristic feature of a congenital umbilical hernia?
What is the characteristic feature of a congenital umbilical hernia?
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What is the typical age range for the closure of congenital umbilical hernias?
What is the typical age range for the closure of congenital umbilical hernias?
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What is the diagnostic test of choice for Meckel diverticulum?
What is the diagnostic test of choice for Meckel diverticulum?
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What is the characteristic laboratory finding in biliary atresia?
What is the characteristic laboratory finding in biliary atresia?
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What is the confirmatory test for tracheoesophageal fistula with esophageal atresia?
What is the confirmatory test for tracheoesophageal fistula with esophageal atresia?
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Study Notes
Neonatal Jaundice
- Physiologic jaundice of the newborn is a common and benign cause of indirect hyperbilirubinemia on days 2-4 of life.
- It occurs due to increased bilirubin production, decreased bilirubin clearance, and increased enterohepatic recycling.
Constipation
- Functional constipation is common in toddlers due to transition to solid food and cow's milk, toilet training, and school entry.
- Initial treatment involves dietary changes and laxatives (e.g., polyethylene glycol) to soften stools.
Congenital and Developmental Anomalies
Biliary Atresia
- Biliary atresia is characterized by fibrotic obliteration of the extrahepatic bile duct.
- It presents at age 2-8 weeks with direct hyperbilirubinemia (e.g., jaundice, acholic stools, dark urine).
- Liver biopsy is necessary for diagnosis, showing intrahepatic bile duct proliferation and portal tract inflammation.
Meckel Diverticulum
- Meckel diverticulum often presents in young toddlers as painless lower gastrointestinal bleeding without abdominal pain, diarrhea, or vomiting.
- Diagnosis is made using a technetium-99m pertechnetate scan, which identifies ectopic gastric mucosa.
- Meckel diverticulum is the most common pathologic lead point in cases of recurrent intussusception, particularly in atypical locations (e.g., small bowel).
Tracheoesophageal Fistula
- Tracheoesophageal fistula with esophageal atresia presents shortly after birth with copious oral secretions and choking, coughing, and/or vomiting with feeding.
- Diagnosis can be confirmed by inserting a nasogastric tube, which encounters resistance at the proximal esophageal pouch.
Umbilical Hernia
- A congenital umbilical hernia is typically soft and reducible and does not require intervention.
- These hernias usually close spontaneously by age 5.
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Description
Learn about the causes and treatments of physiologic jaundice in newborns and functional constipation in toddlers, including bilirubin production and clearance, dietary changes, and laxative use.
