Neonatal Care and Infection Prevention

Newborn Care and Complications

• Erythromycin ointment or 1% silver nitrate can prevent ophthalmia neonatorum (gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes).
• Heat loss in newborns can occur through evaporation, conduction, convection, and radiation, leading to cold stress, increased metabolic rate, and hypoglycemia.

Hypoglycemia and Hyperbilirubinemia

• Hypoglycemia in newborns can cause exaggerated Moro reflex and jitteriness.
• Heel stick test is done on the lateral aspect of the heel to monitor glucose levels.
• Hyperbilirubinemia treatment involves UV lights, with eye patches needed to protect the neonate's eyes, and frequent repositioning to avoid burns.

Maternal Diabetes and Complications

• Macrosomia (LGA) can cause fractured clavicle and hypoglycemia in newborns.
• Erythroblastosis Fetalis (congenital hemolytic disease) can cause jaundice within 24-36 hours of birth.

SIDS and Apnea

• To prevent SIDS, place baby supine when sleeping, and avoid car seats, prone or sleeping with parents in the same bed.
• Baby should be placed on their back or side to prevent SIDS.

Respiratory Distress

• Signs of respiratory distress include nasal flaring, irritability, see-saw breathing, retractions, and rapid respiratory rate (RR > 60).
• Treatment involves suctioning to remove mucus secretion from the nose and mouth, and administering oxygen.

Drug Addiction and Asphyxia

• Newborns with drug addiction should be wrapped snugly, kept in a quiet environment, and have decreased sensory stimuli.
• Asphyxia in utero can cause negative Babinski reflex, weak suck, and neurodeficits.

Maternal Estrogen Exposure and HIV

• Maternal estrogen exposure can cause enlarged breast tissue in both males and females and pseudomenstruation (fake menses) in females.
• HIV-positive newborns should not be breastfed, and if infected, can develop AIDS by 1-2 years old.

Apgar Score and Premature Neonates

• Apgar score: 0-5 resuscitate, 5-7 stimulate/oxygenate, 7-10 baby is stable.
• Premature neonates should be fed breastmilk to prevent Necrotizing Enterocolitis, and may need exogenous surfactant to help lungs stay inflated.

Other Conditions and Defects

• Hydrocephalus: side lying after feeding to reduce risk of aspiration, semi-Fowler's position to facilitate gravity drainage.
• Talipes equinovarus (Clubfoot): inversion of the foot, treatment involves serial casting.
• Down Syndrome: crease across hands, slanted eyes, large protruding tongue, flat nose bridge, microgenia, complications include heart defects, cataracts, mental retardation, and gastrointestinal disorders.
• Caput succedaneum: fluid underneath the skin, tissue swelling over fetal scalp, resolves on its own.
• Cephalohematoma: collection of blood between the skull and periosteum.
• Phenylketonuria: genetic defect cannot digest phenylalanine, treatment involves a special low-protein diet.
• Choanal atresia: narrowing or blockage of the nasal passages.
• Patent ductus arteriosus: failure to thrive is the first sign, treatment involves Indocin to close, and sildenafil citrate for pulmonary hypertension.
• Retinopathy of prematurity: due to long-term oxygen use or high concentrations, causes overgrowth and scarring of the retina, detachment of immature blood vessels in the eye, and blindness.

Nursing Considerations

• Erb's Duchenne paralysis: nursing considerations include proper positioning and supportive care.
• Bell's palsy: facial nerve paralysis caused by forceps, treatment involves eye patching and saline irrigation.
• Necrotizing enterocolitis: bacterial infection causing bowel ischemia and bowel tissue death, more common in formula-fed premature babies.
• Neural tube defects: prevention involves folic acid, complications include hydrocephalus, myelomeningocele, anencephaly, and spina bifida.
• Iatrogenic disorder: healthcare provider-caused disorder.
• Teratogenic disorder: occurs due to external factors such as drinking or smoking by the mother.
• Congenital disorder: exists at birth, but caused by a teratogen.
• Colic: treatment involves self-soothing techniques, small frequent meals, and assessing mood and affect.
• Meconium aspiration: treatment involves supportive care and oxygen therapy.
• Pyloric stenosis: treatment involves pylorotomy.
• Newborn reflexes: Moro, rooting, tonic neck, stepping, and Babinski reflexes.
• Ballard Maturational Assessment: determines how far along the baby was at throughout gestation.
• Mongolian spots: appear as bruises, erythema toxicum: newborn rash, Epstein's pearls: white cysts in the mouth that will go away on their own, stork bite: redness in the back of the neck.
• Cleft lip/palate: burp frequently to prevent aspiration.

Newborn Care and Complications

• Erythromycin ointment or 1% silver nitrate can prevent ophthalmia neonatorum (gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes).
• Heat loss in newborns can occur through evaporation, conduction, convection, and radiation, leading to cold stress, increased metabolic rate, and hypoglycemia.

Hypoglycemia and Hyperbilirubinemia

• Hypoglycemia in newborns can cause exaggerated Moro reflex and jitteriness.
• Heel stick test is done on the lateral aspect of the heel to monitor glucose levels.
• Hyperbilirubinemia treatment involves UV lights, with eye patches needed to protect the neonate's eyes, and frequent repositioning to avoid burns.

Maternal Diabetes and Complications

• Macrosomia (LGA) can cause fractured clavicle and hypoglycemia in newborns.
• Erythroblastosis Fetalis (congenital hemolytic disease) can cause jaundice within 24-36 hours of birth.

SIDS and Apnea

• To prevent SIDS, place baby supine when sleeping, and avoid car seats, prone or sleeping with parents in the same bed.
• Baby should be placed on their back or side to prevent SIDS.

Respiratory Distress

• Signs of respiratory distress include nasal flaring, irritability, see-saw breathing, retractions, and rapid respiratory rate (RR > 60).
• Treatment involves suctioning to remove mucus secretion from the nose and mouth, and administering oxygen.

Drug Addiction and Asphyxia

• Newborns with drug addiction should be wrapped snugly, kept in a quiet environment, and have decreased sensory stimuli.
• Asphyxia in utero can cause negative Babinski reflex, weak suck, and neurodeficits.

Maternal Estrogen Exposure and HIV

• Maternal estrogen exposure can cause enlarged breast tissue in both males and females and pseudomenstruation (fake menses) in females.
• HIV-positive newborns should not be breastfed, and if infected, can develop AIDS by 1-2 years old.

Apgar Score and Premature Neonates

• Apgar score: 0-5 resuscitate, 5-7 stimulate/oxygenate, 7-10 baby is stable.
• Premature neonates should be fed breastmilk to prevent Necrotizing Enterocolitis, and may need exogenous surfactant to help lungs stay inflated.

Other Conditions and Defects

• Hydrocephalus: side lying after feeding to reduce risk of aspiration, semi-Fowler's position to facilitate gravity drainage.
• Talipes equinovarus (Clubfoot): inversion of the foot, treatment involves serial casting.
• Down Syndrome: crease across hands, slanted eyes, large protruding tongue, flat nose bridge, microgenia, complications include heart defects, cataracts, mental retardation, and gastrointestinal disorders.
• Caput succedaneum: fluid underneath the skin, tissue swelling over fetal scalp, resolves on its own.
• Cephalohematoma: collection of blood between the skull and periosteum.
• Phenylketonuria: genetic defect cannot digest phenylalanine, treatment involves a special low-protein diet.
• Choanal atresia: narrowing or blockage of the nasal passages.
• Patent ductus arteriosus: failure to thrive is the first sign, treatment involves Indocin to close, and sildenafil citrate for pulmonary hypertension.
• Retinopathy of prematurity: due to long-term oxygen use or high concentrations, causes overgrowth and scarring of the retina, detachment of immature blood vessels in the eye, and blindness.

Nursing Considerations

• Erb's Duchenne paralysis: nursing considerations include proper positioning and supportive care.
• Bell's palsy: facial nerve paralysis caused by forceps, treatment involves eye patching and saline irrigation.
• Necrotizing enterocolitis: bacterial infection causing bowel ischemia and bowel tissue death, more common in formula-fed premature babies.
• Neural tube defects: prevention involves folic acid, complications include hydrocephalus, myelomeningocele, anencephaly, and spina bifida.
• Iatrogenic disorder: healthcare provider-caused disorder.
• Teratogenic disorder: occurs due to external factors such as drinking or smoking by the mother.
• Congenital disorder: exists at birth, but caused by a teratogen.
• Colic: treatment involves self-soothing techniques, small frequent meals, and assessing mood and affect.
• Meconium aspiration: treatment involves supportive care and oxygen therapy.
• Pyloric stenosis: treatment involves pylorotomy.
• Newborn reflexes: Moro, rooting, tonic neck, stepping, and Babinski reflexes.
• Ballard Maturational Assessment: determines how far along the baby was at throughout gestation.
• Mongolian spots: appear as bruises, erythema toxicum: newborn rash, Epstein's pearls: white cysts in the mouth that will go away on their own, stork bite: redness in the back of the neck.
• Cleft lip/palate: burp frequently to prevent aspiration.

Newborn Care and Complications

• Erythromycin ointment or 1% silver nitrate can prevent ophthalmia neonatorum (gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes).
• Heat loss in newborns can occur through evaporation, conduction, convection, and radiation, leading to cold stress, increased metabolic rate, and hypoglycemia.

Hypoglycemia and Hyperbilirubinemia

• Hypoglycemia in newborns can cause exaggerated Moro reflex and jitteriness.
• Heel stick test is done on the lateral aspect of the heel to monitor glucose levels.
• Hyperbilirubinemia treatment involves UV lights, with eye patches needed to protect the neonate's eyes, and frequent repositioning to avoid burns.

Maternal Diabetes and Complications

• Macrosomia (LGA) can cause fractured clavicle and hypoglycemia in newborns.
• Erythroblastosis Fetalis (congenital hemolytic disease) can cause jaundice within 24-36 hours of birth.

SIDS and Apnea

• To prevent SIDS, place baby supine when sleeping, and avoid car seats, prone or sleeping with parents in the same bed.
• Baby should be placed on their back or side to prevent SIDS.

Respiratory Distress

• Signs of respiratory distress include nasal flaring, irritability, see-saw breathing, retractions, and rapid respiratory rate (RR > 60).
• Treatment involves suctioning to remove mucus secretion from the nose and mouth, and administering oxygen.

Drug Addiction and Asphyxia

• Newborns with drug addiction should be wrapped snugly, kept in a quiet environment, and have decreased sensory stimuli.
• Asphyxia in utero can cause negative Babinski reflex, weak suck, and neurodeficits.

Maternal Estrogen Exposure and HIV

• Maternal estrogen exposure can cause enlarged breast tissue in both males and females and pseudomenstruation (fake menses) in females.
• HIV-positive newborns should not be breastfed, and if infected, can develop AIDS by 1-2 years old.

Apgar Score and Premature Neonates

• Apgar score: 0-5 resuscitate, 5-7 stimulate/oxygenate, 7-10 baby is stable.
• Premature neonates should be fed breastmilk to prevent Necrotizing Enterocolitis, and may need exogenous surfactant to help lungs stay inflated.

Other Conditions and Defects

• Hydrocephalus: side lying after feeding to reduce risk of aspiration, semi-Fowler's position to facilitate gravity drainage.
• Talipes equinovarus (Clubfoot): inversion of the foot, treatment involves serial casting.
• Down Syndrome: crease across hands, slanted eyes, large protruding tongue, flat nose bridge, microgenia, complications include heart defects, cataracts, mental retardation, and gastrointestinal disorders.
• Caput succedaneum: fluid underneath the skin, tissue swelling over fetal scalp, resolves on its own.
• Cephalohematoma: collection of blood between the skull and periosteum.
• Phenylketonuria: genetic defect cannot digest phenylalanine, treatment involves a special low-protein diet.
• Choanal atresia: narrowing or blockage of the nasal passages.
• Patent ductus arteriosus: failure to thrive is the first sign, treatment involves Indocin to close, and sildenafil citrate for pulmonary hypertension.
• Retinopathy of prematurity: due to long-term oxygen use or high concentrations, causes overgrowth and scarring of the retina, detachment of immature blood vessels in the eye, and blindness.

Nursing Considerations

• Erb's Duchenne paralysis: nursing considerations include proper positioning and supportive care.
• Bell's palsy: facial nerve paralysis caused by forceps, treatment involves eye patching and saline irrigation.
• Necrotizing enterocolitis: bacterial infection causing bowel ischemia and bowel tissue death, more common in formula-fed premature babies.
• Neural tube defects: prevention involves folic acid, complications include hydrocephalus, myelomeningocele, anencephaly, and spina bifida.
• Iatrogenic disorder: healthcare provider-caused disorder.
• Teratogenic disorder: occurs due to external factors such as drinking or smoking by the mother.
• Congenital disorder: exists at birth, but caused by a teratogen.
• Colic: treatment involves self-soothing techniques, small frequent meals, and assessing mood and affect.
• Meconium aspiration: treatment involves supportive care and oxygen therapy.
• Pyloric stenosis: treatment involves pylorotomy.
• Newborn reflexes: Moro, rooting, tonic neck, stepping, and Babinski reflexes.
• Ballard Maturational Assessment: determines how far along the baby was at throughout gestation.
• Mongolian spots: appear as bruises, erythema toxicum: newborn rash, Epstein's pearls: white cysts in the mouth that will go away on their own, stork bite: redness in the back of the neck.
• Cleft lip/palate: burp frequently to prevent aspiration.