Neonatal Care and Infection Prevention

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following congenital disorders is caused by a teratogen?

Colic

Meconium aspiration (correct)

Pyloric stenosis

Mongolian spots

What is the primary cause of microcephaly and microphthalmia in neonates?

HIV infection

Maternal estrogen exposure

Alcohol use during pregnancy (correct)

Premature birth

What is the primary symptom of pyloric stenosis?

Frequent burping

Projectile vomiting (correct)

Projectile diarrhea

Colic

Which of the following is NOT a complication of prematurity?

Down syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What can be done to help soothe a baby experiencing colic?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for talipes equinovarus?

Serial casting Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Ballard Maturational Assessment?

To determine the baby's age at birth Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of intraventricular hemorrhage in premature neonates?

Delivery of premature infants Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Moro reflex?

To simulate a fall to test reflexes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for phenylketonuria?

Special low-protein diet Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the reflex that involves touching the baby's cheek?

Rooting reflex Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the baby rash that appears as red spots?

Erythema toxicum Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication of choanal atresia?

Hypoxia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for indocin therapy?

Patent ductus arteriosus Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of frequent burping in a baby with a cleft lip/palate?

To prevent aspiration Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the reflex that involves turning the baby's head?

Tonic neck reflex Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication of Erb's Duchenne paralysis?

Feeding difficulties Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of nursing care for anencephaly?

Support the parents Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the reflex that involves lifting the baby to walk?

Stepping reflex Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a disorder caused by healthcare providers?

Iatrogenic disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of administering erythromycin ointment to newborns?

To prevent ophthalmia neonatorum Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of heat loss due to a breeze or air movement?

Convection Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication of macrosomia in neonates?

Fractured clavicle Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical presentation of hypoglycemia in neonates?

Jitteriness and exaggerated moro reflex Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for hyperbilirubinemia in neonates?

UV lights with eye patches Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended sleeping position for neonates to reduce the risk of SIDS?

Supine or back sleeping Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a drug-addicted neonate?

Irritability with a poor suck reflex Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a neonate with asphyxia in utero?

Negative Babinski reflex Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of semi-Fowler's position in neonates with hydrocephalus?

To facilitate gravity drainage Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended method for re-warming a cold stressed neonate?

Skin-to-skin contact with the mother Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of microcephaly and microphthalmia in neonates exposed to maternal estrogen?

Alcohol use during pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended feeding method for premature neonates to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis?

Breastmilk feeding Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for talipes equinovarus?

Serial casting Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication of intraventricular hemorrhage?

Seizures and developmental delay Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of nursing care for anencephaly?

To support the parents Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for phenylketonuria?

Special diet Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication of retinopathy of prematurity?

Blindness Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for indocin therapy?

Patent ductus arteriosus Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a disorder caused by healthcare providers?

Iatrogenic disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication of necrotizing enterocolitis?

Bowel ischemia and tissue death Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of cold stress in neonates?

Evaporation and convection Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment for hypoglycemia in neonates?

Monitor blood glucose levels and temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication of hydrocephalus in neonates?

Aspiration Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a neonate with maternal diabetes?

Macrosomia and hypoglycemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for hyperbilirubinemia in neonates?

UV lights with eye patches Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended position for neonates with hydrocephalus?

Semi-Fowler's position Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of pathologic jaundice in neonates?

Erythroblastosis fetalis Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a neonate with erythroblastosis fetalis?

Jaundice within 24-36 hours of birth Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended method for preventing SIDS in neonates?

Place baby supine or on their side Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a neonate with asphyxia in utero?

Negative Babinski reflex Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of meconium aspiration?

Teratogen exposure Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of frequent small meals in colic management?

To soothe the baby Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a positive Babinski reflex?

The foot extends outward Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for pylorotomy?

Pyloric stenosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Ballard Maturational Assessment?

To determine the baby's gestational age Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Mongolian spots?

They appear as bruises Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the rooting reflex?

To stimulate the baby's sucking reflex Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication of cleft lip/palate?

Aspiration Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a stork bite?

It appears as redness on the back of the neck Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the tonic neck reflex?

To stimulate the baby's arm movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of pseudomenstruation in female neonates?

Maternal estrogen exposure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a complication of patent ductus arteriosus?

Pulmonary hypertension Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for Erb's Duchenne paralysis?

Supportive care Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication of retinopathy of prematurity?

Blindness Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a disorder caused by external factors such as drinking or smoking by the mother?

Teratogenic disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of cold stress in neonates?

Heat loss via evaporation, conduction, convection, and radiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment for neonates with erythroblastosis fetalis?

UV lights and eye patches Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication of hydrocephalus in neonates?

Aspiration Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a neonate with maternal diabetes?

Macrosomia and hypoglycemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended method for re-warming a cold stressed neonate?

Skin-to-skin contact Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the reflex that involves touching the baby's cheek to stimulate?

Rooting reflex Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for pyloric stenosis?

Pylorotomy Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the rash that appears as bruises on newborns?

Mongolian spots Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Ballard Maturational Assessment?

To evaluate the physical and neurological development of a newborn Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended position for burping a baby with a cleft lip/palate?

Frequent frequent burping in an upright position Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Newborn Care and Complications

Erythromycin ointment or 1% silver nitrate can prevent ophthalmia neonatorum (gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes).
Heat loss in newborns can occur through evaporation, conduction, convection, and radiation, leading to cold stress, increased metabolic rate, and hypoglycemia.

Hypoglycemia and Hyperbilirubinemia

Hypoglycemia in newborns can cause exaggerated Moro reflex and jitteriness.
Heel stick test is done on the lateral aspect of the heel to monitor glucose levels.
Hyperbilirubinemia treatment involves UV lights, with eye patches needed to protect the neonate's eyes, and frequent repositioning to avoid burns.

Maternal Diabetes and Complications

Macrosomia (LGA) can cause fractured clavicle and hypoglycemia in newborns.
Erythroblastosis Fetalis (congenital hemolytic disease) can cause jaundice within 24-36 hours of birth.

SIDS and Apnea

To prevent SIDS, place baby supine when sleeping, and avoid car seats, prone or sleeping with parents in the same bed.
Baby should be placed on their back or side to prevent SIDS.

Respiratory Distress

Signs of respiratory distress include nasal flaring, irritability, see-saw breathing, retractions, and rapid respiratory rate (RR > 60).
Treatment involves suctioning to remove mucus secretion from the nose and mouth, and administering oxygen.

Drug Addiction and Asphyxia

Newborns with drug addiction should be wrapped snugly, kept in a quiet environment, and have decreased sensory stimuli.
Asphyxia in utero can cause negative Babinski reflex, weak suck, and neurodeficits.

Maternal Estrogen Exposure and HIV

Maternal estrogen exposure can cause enlarged breast tissue in both males and females and pseudomenstruation (fake menses) in females.
HIV-positive newborns should not be breastfed, and if infected, can develop AIDS by 1-2 years old.

Apgar Score and Premature Neonates

Apgar score: 0-5 resuscitate, 5-7 stimulate/oxygenate, 7-10 baby is stable.
Premature neonates should be fed breastmilk to prevent Necrotizing Enterocolitis, and may need exogenous surfactant to help lungs stay inflated.

Other Conditions and Defects

Hydrocephalus: side lying after feeding to reduce risk of aspiration, semi-Fowler's position to facilitate gravity drainage.
Talipes equinovarus (Clubfoot): inversion of the foot, treatment involves serial casting.
Down Syndrome: crease across hands, slanted eyes, large protruding tongue, flat nose bridge, microgenia, complications include heart defects, cataracts, mental retardation, and gastrointestinal disorders.
Caput succedaneum: fluid underneath the skin, tissue swelling over fetal scalp, resolves on its own.
Cephalohematoma: collection of blood between the skull and periosteum.
Phenylketonuria: genetic defect cannot digest phenylalanine, treatment involves a special low-protein diet.
Choanal atresia: narrowing or blockage of the nasal passages.
Patent ductus arteriosus: failure to thrive is the first sign, treatment involves Indocin to close, and sildenafil citrate for pulmonary hypertension.
Retinopathy of prematurity: due to long-term oxygen use or high concentrations, causes overgrowth and scarring of the retina, detachment of immature blood vessels in the eye, and blindness.

Nursing Considerations

Erb's Duchenne paralysis: nursing considerations include proper positioning and supportive care.
Bell's palsy: facial nerve paralysis caused by forceps, treatment involves eye patching and saline irrigation.
Necrotizing enterocolitis: bacterial infection causing bowel ischemia and bowel tissue death, more common in formula-fed premature babies.
Neural tube defects: prevention involves folic acid, complications include hydrocephalus, myelomeningocele, anencephaly, and spina bifida.
Iatrogenic disorder: healthcare provider-caused disorder.
Teratogenic disorder: occurs due to external factors such as drinking or smoking by the mother.
Congenital disorder: exists at birth, but caused by a teratogen.
Colic: treatment involves self-soothing techniques, small frequent meals, and assessing mood and affect.
Meconium aspiration: treatment involves supportive care and oxygen therapy.
Pyloric stenosis: treatment involves pylorotomy.
Newborn reflexes: Moro, rooting, tonic neck, stepping, and Babinski reflexes.
Ballard Maturational Assessment: determines how far along the baby was at throughout gestation.
Mongolian spots: appear as bruises, erythema toxicum: newborn rash, Epstein's pearls: white cysts in the mouth that will go away on their own, stork bite: redness in the back of the neck.
Cleft lip/palate: burp frequently to prevent aspiration.

Newborn Care and Complications

Erythromycin ointment or 1% silver nitrate can prevent ophthalmia neonatorum (gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes).
Heat loss in newborns can occur through evaporation, conduction, convection, and radiation, leading to cold stress, increased metabolic rate, and hypoglycemia.

Hypoglycemia and Hyperbilirubinemia

Hypoglycemia in newborns can cause exaggerated Moro reflex and jitteriness.
Heel stick test is done on the lateral aspect of the heel to monitor glucose levels.
Hyperbilirubinemia treatment involves UV lights, with eye patches needed to protect the neonate's eyes, and frequent repositioning to avoid burns.

Maternal Diabetes and Complications

Macrosomia (LGA) can cause fractured clavicle and hypoglycemia in newborns.
Erythroblastosis Fetalis (congenital hemolytic disease) can cause jaundice within 24-36 hours of birth.

SIDS and Apnea

To prevent SIDS, place baby supine when sleeping, and avoid car seats, prone or sleeping with parents in the same bed.
Baby should be placed on their back or side to prevent SIDS.

Respiratory Distress

Signs of respiratory distress include nasal flaring, irritability, see-saw breathing, retractions, and rapid respiratory rate (RR > 60).
Treatment involves suctioning to remove mucus secretion from the nose and mouth, and administering oxygen.

Drug Addiction and Asphyxia

Newborns with drug addiction should be wrapped snugly, kept in a quiet environment, and have decreased sensory stimuli.
Asphyxia in utero can cause negative Babinski reflex, weak suck, and neurodeficits.

Maternal Estrogen Exposure and HIV

Maternal estrogen exposure can cause enlarged breast tissue in both males and females and pseudomenstruation (fake menses) in females.
HIV-positive newborns should not be breastfed, and if infected, can develop AIDS by 1-2 years old.

Apgar Score and Premature Neonates

Apgar score: 0-5 resuscitate, 5-7 stimulate/oxygenate, 7-10 baby is stable.
Premature neonates should be fed breastmilk to prevent Necrotizing Enterocolitis, and may need exogenous surfactant to help lungs stay inflated.

Other Conditions and Defects

Hydrocephalus: side lying after feeding to reduce risk of aspiration, semi-Fowler's position to facilitate gravity drainage.
Talipes equinovarus (Clubfoot): inversion of the foot, treatment involves serial casting.
Down Syndrome: crease across hands, slanted eyes, large protruding tongue, flat nose bridge, microgenia, complications include heart defects, cataracts, mental retardation, and gastrointestinal disorders.
Caput succedaneum: fluid underneath the skin, tissue swelling over fetal scalp, resolves on its own.
Cephalohematoma: collection of blood between the skull and periosteum.
Phenylketonuria: genetic defect cannot digest phenylalanine, treatment involves a special low-protein diet.
Choanal atresia: narrowing or blockage of the nasal passages.
Patent ductus arteriosus: failure to thrive is the first sign, treatment involves Indocin to close, and sildenafil citrate for pulmonary hypertension.
Retinopathy of prematurity: due to long-term oxygen use or high concentrations, causes overgrowth and scarring of the retina, detachment of immature blood vessels in the eye, and blindness.

Nursing Considerations

Erb's Duchenne paralysis: nursing considerations include proper positioning and supportive care.
Bell's palsy: facial nerve paralysis caused by forceps, treatment involves eye patching and saline irrigation.
Necrotizing enterocolitis: bacterial infection causing bowel ischemia and bowel tissue death, more common in formula-fed premature babies.
Neural tube defects: prevention involves folic acid, complications include hydrocephalus, myelomeningocele, anencephaly, and spina bifida.
Iatrogenic disorder: healthcare provider-caused disorder.
Teratogenic disorder: occurs due to external factors such as drinking or smoking by the mother.
Congenital disorder: exists at birth, but caused by a teratogen.
Colic: treatment involves self-soothing techniques, small frequent meals, and assessing mood and affect.
Meconium aspiration: treatment involves supportive care and oxygen therapy.
Pyloric stenosis: treatment involves pylorotomy.
Newborn reflexes: Moro, rooting, tonic neck, stepping, and Babinski reflexes.
Ballard Maturational Assessment: determines how far along the baby was at throughout gestation.
Mongolian spots: appear as bruises, erythema toxicum: newborn rash, Epstein's pearls: white cysts in the mouth that will go away on their own, stork bite: redness in the back of the neck.
Cleft lip/palate: burp frequently to prevent aspiration.

Newborn Care and Complications

Erythromycin ointment or 1% silver nitrate can prevent ophthalmia neonatorum (gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes).
Heat loss in newborns can occur through evaporation, conduction, convection, and radiation, leading to cold stress, increased metabolic rate, and hypoglycemia.

Hypoglycemia and Hyperbilirubinemia

Hypoglycemia in newborns can cause exaggerated Moro reflex and jitteriness.
Heel stick test is done on the lateral aspect of the heel to monitor glucose levels.
Hyperbilirubinemia treatment involves UV lights, with eye patches needed to protect the neonate's eyes, and frequent repositioning to avoid burns.

Maternal Diabetes and Complications

Macrosomia (LGA) can cause fractured clavicle and hypoglycemia in newborns.
Erythroblastosis Fetalis (congenital hemolytic disease) can cause jaundice within 24-36 hours of birth.

SIDS and Apnea

To prevent SIDS, place baby supine when sleeping, and avoid car seats, prone or sleeping with parents in the same bed.
Baby should be placed on their back or side to prevent SIDS.

Respiratory Distress

Signs of respiratory distress include nasal flaring, irritability, see-saw breathing, retractions, and rapid respiratory rate (RR > 60).
Treatment involves suctioning to remove mucus secretion from the nose and mouth, and administering oxygen.

Drug Addiction and Asphyxia

Newborns with drug addiction should be wrapped snugly, kept in a quiet environment, and have decreased sensory stimuli.
Asphyxia in utero can cause negative Babinski reflex, weak suck, and neurodeficits.

Maternal Estrogen Exposure and HIV

Maternal estrogen exposure can cause enlarged breast tissue in both males and females and pseudomenstruation (fake menses) in females.
HIV-positive newborns should not be breastfed, and if infected, can develop AIDS by 1-2 years old.

Apgar Score and Premature Neonates

Apgar score: 0-5 resuscitate, 5-7 stimulate/oxygenate, 7-10 baby is stable.
Premature neonates should be fed breastmilk to prevent Necrotizing Enterocolitis, and may need exogenous surfactant to help lungs stay inflated.

Other Conditions and Defects

Hydrocephalus: side lying after feeding to reduce risk of aspiration, semi-Fowler's position to facilitate gravity drainage.
Talipes equinovarus (Clubfoot): inversion of the foot, treatment involves serial casting.
Down Syndrome: crease across hands, slanted eyes, large protruding tongue, flat nose bridge, microgenia, complications include heart defects, cataracts, mental retardation, and gastrointestinal disorders.
Caput succedaneum: fluid underneath the skin, tissue swelling over fetal scalp, resolves on its own.
Cephalohematoma: collection of blood between the skull and periosteum.
Phenylketonuria: genetic defect cannot digest phenylalanine, treatment involves a special low-protein diet.
Choanal atresia: narrowing or blockage of the nasal passages.
Patent ductus arteriosus: failure to thrive is the first sign, treatment involves Indocin to close, and sildenafil citrate for pulmonary hypertension.
Retinopathy of prematurity: due to long-term oxygen use or high concentrations, causes overgrowth and scarring of the retina, detachment of immature blood vessels in the eye, and blindness.

Nursing Considerations

Erb's Duchenne paralysis: nursing considerations include proper positioning and supportive care.
Bell's palsy: facial nerve paralysis caused by forceps, treatment involves eye patching and saline irrigation.
Necrotizing enterocolitis: bacterial infection causing bowel ischemia and bowel tissue death, more common in formula-fed premature babies.
Neural tube defects: prevention involves folic acid, complications include hydrocephalus, myelomeningocele, anencephaly, and spina bifida.
Iatrogenic disorder: healthcare provider-caused disorder.
Teratogenic disorder: occurs due to external factors such as drinking or smoking by the mother.
Congenital disorder: exists at birth, but caused by a teratogen.
Colic: treatment involves self-soothing techniques, small frequent meals, and assessing mood and affect.
Meconium aspiration: treatment involves supportive care and oxygen therapy.
Pyloric stenosis: treatment involves pylorotomy.
Newborn reflexes: Moro, rooting, tonic neck, stepping, and Babinski reflexes.
Ballard Maturational Assessment: determines how far along the baby was at throughout gestation.
Mongolian spots: appear as bruises, erythema toxicum: newborn rash, Epstein's pearls: white cysts in the mouth that will go away on their own, stork bite: redness in the back of the neck.
Cleft lip/palate: burp frequently to prevent aspiration.

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Description

Learn about the prevention of ophthalmia neonatorum through erythromycin ointment and silver nitrate, and understand the mechanisms of heat loss in newborns. Explore the importance of nursing care in preventing cold stress and hypoglycemia.

Neonatal Care and Infection Prevention

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following congenital disorders is caused by a teratogen?

What is the primary cause of microcephaly and microphthalmia in neonates?

What is the primary symptom of pyloric stenosis?

Which of the following is NOT a complication of prematurity?

What can be done to help soothe a baby experiencing colic?

What is the primary treatment for talipes equinovarus?

What is the purpose of the Ballard Maturational Assessment?

What is the primary cause of intraventricular hemorrhage in premature neonates?

What is the primary purpose of the Moro reflex?

What is the primary treatment for phenylketonuria?

What is the name of the reflex that involves touching the baby's cheek?

What is the name of the baby rash that appears as red spots?

What is the primary complication of choanal atresia?

What is the primary indication for indocin therapy?

What is the purpose of frequent burping in a baby with a cleft lip/palate?

What is the name of the reflex that involves turning the baby's head?

What is the primary complication of Erb's Duchenne paralysis?

What is the primary goal of nursing care for anencephaly?

What is the name of the reflex that involves lifting the baby to walk?

What is the term for a disorder caused by healthcare providers?

What is the primary purpose of administering erythromycin ointment to newborns?

What is the mechanism of heat loss due to a breeze or air movement?

What is the primary complication of macrosomia in neonates?

What is the typical presentation of hypoglycemia in neonates?

What is the treatment for hyperbilirubinemia in neonates?

What is the recommended sleeping position for neonates to reduce the risk of SIDS?

What is the characteristic of a drug-addicted neonate?

What is the characteristic of a neonate with asphyxia in utero?

What is the purpose of semi-Fowler's position in neonates with hydrocephalus?

What is the recommended method for re-warming a cold stressed neonate?

What is the primary cause of microcephaly and microphthalmia in neonates exposed to maternal estrogen?

What is the recommended feeding method for premature neonates to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis?

What is the primary treatment for talipes equinovarus?

What is the primary complication of intraventricular hemorrhage?

What is the primary goal of nursing care for anencephaly?

What is the primary treatment for phenylketonuria?

What is the primary complication of retinopathy of prematurity?

What is the primary indication for indocin therapy?

What is the term for a disorder caused by healthcare providers?

What is the primary complication of necrotizing enterocolitis?

What is the primary cause of cold stress in neonates?

What is the recommended treatment for hypoglycemia in neonates?

What is the primary complication of hydrocephalus in neonates?

What is the characteristic of a neonate with maternal diabetes?

What is the treatment for hyperbilirubinemia in neonates?

What is the recommended position for neonates with hydrocephalus?

What is the primary cause of pathologic jaundice in neonates?

What is the characteristic of a neonate with erythroblastosis fetalis?

What is the recommended method for preventing SIDS in neonates?

What is the characteristic of a neonate with asphyxia in utero?

What is the primary cause of meconium aspiration?

What is the purpose of frequent small meals in colic management?

What is the characteristic of a positive Babinski reflex?

What is the primary indication for pylorotomy?

What is the purpose of the Ballard Maturational Assessment?

What is the characteristic of Mongolian spots?

What is the primary purpose of the rooting reflex?

What is the primary complication of cleft lip/palate?

What is the characteristic of a stork bite?

What is the primary purpose of the tonic neck reflex?

What is the primary cause of pseudomenstruation in female neonates?

Which of the following is a complication of patent ductus arteriosus?

What is the primary treatment for Erb's Duchenne paralysis?

What is the primary complication of retinopathy of prematurity?

What is the term for a disorder caused by external factors such as drinking or smoking by the mother?

What is the primary cause of cold stress in neonates?

What is the recommended treatment for neonates with erythroblastosis fetalis?

What is the primary complication of hydrocephalus in neonates?

What is the characteristic of a neonate with maternal diabetes?

What is the recommended method for re-warming a cold stressed neonate?

What is the name of the reflex that involves touching the baby's cheek to stimulate?

What is the primary treatment for pyloric stenosis?

What is the name of the rash that appears as bruises on newborns?

What is the purpose of the Ballard Maturational Assessment?

What is the recommended position for burping a baby with a cleft lip/palate?

Study Notes