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Questions and Answers
Which fontanelle is open until approximately 2 years of age?
Which fontanelle is open until approximately 2 years of age?
What structure connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?
What structure connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?
Which component of the brain is responsible for most cerebrospinal fluid production?
Which component of the brain is responsible for most cerebrospinal fluid production?
What is the primary function of the falx cerebri?
What is the primary function of the falx cerebri?
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Which of the following lobes of the brain is located posteriorly?
Which of the following lobes of the brain is located posteriorly?
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At what age is the posterior fontanelle typically closed?
At what age is the posterior fontanelle typically closed?
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Which suture separates the frontal bones from the parietal bones?
Which suture separates the frontal bones from the parietal bones?
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Which part of the brain serves as the connecting bridge between the two cerebral hemispheres?
Which part of the brain serves as the connecting bridge between the two cerebral hemispheres?
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Which statement accurately describes the anatomy of the acetabulum?
Which statement accurately describes the anatomy of the acetabulum?
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In which position is the hip considered to be in a 'neutral position'?
In which position is the hip considered to be in a 'neutral position'?
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What contributes to the increased risk of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in infants?
What contributes to the increased risk of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in infants?
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What is the caudothalamic notch (CTN)?
What is the caudothalamic notch (CTN)?
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Which grade of hemorrhage is characterized by a bleed confined to the caudothalamic notch?
Which grade of hemorrhage is characterized by a bleed confined to the caudothalamic notch?
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Which classification describes a condition where there is partial coverage of the femoral head by the acetabulum?
Which classification describes a condition where there is partial coverage of the femoral head by the acetabulum?
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What factor increases the risk of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in infants?
What factor increases the risk of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in infants?
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Which imaging view provides the most comprehensive visual of breast tissue?
Which imaging view provides the most comprehensive visual of breast tissue?
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Which imaging technique is preferred for assessing hip dysplasia in infants?
Which imaging technique is preferred for assessing hip dysplasia in infants?
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What is one of the primary functions of the parathyroid glands?
What is one of the primary functions of the parathyroid glands?
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Which of the following best describes the appearance of the thyroid gland on ultrasound?
Which of the following best describes the appearance of the thyroid gland on ultrasound?
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Which hemorrhagic type occurs when a clot goes into the lateral ventricles?
Which hemorrhagic type occurs when a clot goes into the lateral ventricles?
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What happens to the echogenicity of a hematoma as it ages?
What happens to the echogenicity of a hematoma as it ages?
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What is a common disadvantage of the MLO mammography view?
What is a common disadvantage of the MLO mammography view?
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Which of the following is NOT a reason X-rays are not ideal for assessing hips in infants?
Which of the following is NOT a reason X-rays are not ideal for assessing hips in infants?
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Which directional term indicates a structure located towards the front of the body?
Which directional term indicates a structure located towards the front of the body?
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What is one of the oldest sites for germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH)?
What is one of the oldest sites for germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH)?
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What anatomical components are connected by the triradiate cartilage?
What anatomical components are connected by the triradiate cartilage?
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Which of the following treatments is used for severe cases of DDH?
Which of the following treatments is used for severe cases of DDH?
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During the Barlow maneuver, what is being tested?
During the Barlow maneuver, what is being tested?
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At what point in life does germinal matrix hemorrhage primarily occur?
At what point in life does germinal matrix hemorrhage primarily occur?
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Which aspect of the thyroid gland's anatomy connects the right and left lobes?
Which aspect of the thyroid gland's anatomy connects the right and left lobes?
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What is the typical length range of a parathyroid gland?
What is the typical length range of a parathyroid gland?
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What part of the neonatal brain does the cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) primarily relate to?
What part of the neonatal brain does the cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) primarily relate to?
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What is the primary anatomical change in the hip during the first year of life?
What is the primary anatomical change in the hip during the first year of life?
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Which hormone is primarily secreted by the thyroid gland?
Which hormone is primarily secreted by the thyroid gland?
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Why is an ultrasound performed after the presence of a hip click in infants?
Why is an ultrasound performed after the presence of a hip click in infants?
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Which imaging technique can be used as an adjunct to mammography?
Which imaging technique can be used as an adjunct to mammography?
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Which structure is located inferolateral to the frontal horn and body of the lateral ventricles?
Which structure is located inferolateral to the frontal horn and body of the lateral ventricles?
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What treatment method involves using two diapers to manage DDH?
What treatment method involves using two diapers to manage DDH?
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In a CC view of a mammogram, if a mass is located on the line between lateral and medial sections, where is it located?
In a CC view of a mammogram, if a mass is located on the line between lateral and medial sections, where is it located?
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What measurement technique is considered more accurate for locating a lesion when using a CC view?
What measurement technique is considered more accurate for locating a lesion when using a CC view?
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Which characteristic margin is most specific for malignancy?
Which characteristic margin is most specific for malignancy?
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What is the primary limitation of mammography in women with dense breasts?
What is the primary limitation of mammography in women with dense breasts?
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What are clustered microcalcifications usually associated with?
What are clustered microcalcifications usually associated with?
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What term describes the benign changes occurring in the female breast that include cyst formation and fibrosis?
What term describes the benign changes occurring in the female breast that include cyst formation and fibrosis?
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Why is it difficult to distinguish between normal and abnormal tissue based on mammographic density alone?
Why is it difficult to distinguish between normal and abnormal tissue based on mammographic density alone?
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What is a significant concern when using an MLO view for locating lesions?
What is a significant concern when using an MLO view for locating lesions?
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Which type of calcifications are almost exclusively associated with malignancy?
Which type of calcifications are almost exclusively associated with malignancy?
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When assessing mammographic findings, what aspect is considered the least predictive in determining benign versus malignant findings?
When assessing mammographic findings, what aspect is considered the least predictive in determining benign versus malignant findings?
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What is the recommended method for differentiating benign changes from cancer in cases of fibrocystic changes?
What is the recommended method for differentiating benign changes from cancer in cases of fibrocystic changes?
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What should be considered if a lesion appears lateral on a CC view?
What should be considered if a lesion appears lateral on a CC view?
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What is the primary function of the Montgomery's glands located within the areola?
What is the primary function of the Montgomery's glands located within the areola?
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How often should women perform clinical breast examinations between the ages of 20 and 40?
How often should women perform clinical breast examinations between the ages of 20 and 40?
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Which mammographic view is considered the most valuable for imaging breasts?
Which mammographic view is considered the most valuable for imaging breasts?
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What is the main purpose of compression during a mammogram?
What is the main purpose of compression during a mammogram?
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The terminal ductal lobular units (TDLU) are primarily associated with which of the following?
The terminal ductal lobular units (TDLU) are primarily associated with which of the following?
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What is a commonly palpable structure in the breast that is often mistaken for a mass?
What is a commonly palpable structure in the breast that is often mistaken for a mass?
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What is the role of the retromammary layer in breast structure?
What is the role of the retromammary layer in breast structure?
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Which imaging method is currently considered the most important for breast cancer diagnosis?
Which imaging method is currently considered the most important for breast cancer diagnosis?
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Which of the following layers of breast tissue contains glandular tissue and ducts?
Which of the following layers of breast tissue contains glandular tissue and ducts?
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What type of view is typically performed to focus on a specific area of the breast?
What type of view is typically performed to focus on a specific area of the breast?
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How many lobes is the breast typically divided into?
How many lobes is the breast typically divided into?
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In the context of mammography, what is a diagnostic mammogram primarily used for?
In the context of mammography, what is a diagnostic mammogram primarily used for?
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Which of the following breast imaging methods requires directing radiation through the breast tissue?
Which of the following breast imaging methods requires directing radiation through the breast tissue?
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What is the primary purpose of breast self-examinations?
What is the primary purpose of breast self-examinations?
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Study Notes
Neonatal Brain
- Follow-up: For hydrocephalus or abnormal prenatal diagnoses.
- Intracranial Hemorrhage: Possible cause of brain abnormalities.
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Fontanelles: Soft spots on the baby's head.
- Anterior Fontanelle: Closes by 2 years but scanned up to 12-14 months.
- Posterior Fontanelle: Closes by 3 months; useful for assessing intraventricular hemorrhage and ventricular horns.
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Sutures: Fibrous connections between skull bones.
- Sagittal Suture: Separates the parietal bones.
- Coronal Suture: Separates the frontal and parietal bones.
- Lambdoid Suture: Separates parietal and occipital bones.
- Falx Cerebri: Fold of dura mater within the inner hemispheric fissure.
- Frontal Suture: Separates the frontal bones.
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Brain Divisions: Cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum.
- Cerebrum Lobes: Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital.
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Cerebral Ventricles: Cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
- Lateral Ventricles (2)
- Third Ventricle: Midline structure.
- Fourth Ventricle: Midline structure.
- Foramen of Monroe: Connects lateral ventricles to the third ventricle.
- Aqueduct of Sylvius: Connects the third and fourth ventricles.
- Foramen of Luschka: Connects the fourth ventricle to the subarachnoid space and spinal canal.
- Corpus Callosum: Large nerve fiber bridge connecting hemispheres.
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Choroid Plexus: CSF production site.
- Hyperechoic appearance.
- Produces ~800 cc CSF daily, but only ~140 cc present.
- Lateral Ventricle Anatomy: Frontal, body, occipital, and temporal horns; Trigone.
- Thalami: Homogenous structures inferior to lateral ventricle bodies.
- Cavum Septum Pellucidum (CSP): Hypoechoic structure separating frontal horns; cystic in fetuses.
- Caudate Nucleus: Relative hyperechoic; inferolateral to frontal horn and ventricle body.
- Caudo-thalamic Groove (CTN): Junction of caudate nucleus and thalamus; common GMH site.
-
Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage (GMH): Types.
- Subependymal Hemorrhage (SEH): Most common.
- Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH): Clot into lateral ventricles.
- Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage (IPH): Clot into frontal/parietal lobes.
- GMH Grades: Echogenicity changes with age.
- Midline Structures Landmarks: Uses anatomical terms to locate brain structures
Pediatric Hip
- Ultrasound Importance (Hip): Useful for assessing infant hips, especially up to 1 year old due to cartilage, for dislocations, and treatment follow-ups.
- X-Ray Limitations (Hip): Poor view of cartilage, soft tissue components (especially during first year). Exposure to radiation.
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Developmental Hip Dysplasia (DDH): A spectrum of disorders impacting hip socket (acetabulum) and femur head; risk factors and classifications also discussed.
- Risk Factors: Multifactorial, including maternal estrogen, pelvic relaxation, family history, oligohydramnios, breech position, skull/foot deformities.
- Treatment: Diapering techniques, harnesses, surgical procedures.
- Anatomy: Acetabulum (socket), femur head, neck, shaft, trochanters.
- Scanning Planes: Lateral/posterior-lateral, supine/prone, flexed, abduction/adduction, transverse/coronal planes.
- Stress Maneuvers: Barlow maneuver.
- Classification: Normal, subluxation, dislocation depending on the coverage of the femur head
Thyroid
- Indications for Thyroid Ultrasound: Detecting masses, monitoring nodules, Post-thyroidectomy followups, screening for head/neck irradiation history.
- Hormones: Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), Calcitonin.
- Anatomy: Right & left lobes connected by isthmus, possible pyramidal lobe.
- Location: Lateral: CCA, IJV; Medial: trachea; Anterior: strap muscles; Posterior: Longus colli, parathyroid glands.
- Size: Normal size parameters; increased volume with age, weight, iodine deficiency, and certain conditions. Decreased volume with some treatments.
- Appearance: Medium to high echoes; hypoechoic to surrounding muscles; highly vascular.
- Blood Supply: Superior & inferior thyroid arteries & veins.
- Parathyroid Glands: Located posterior to thyroid; 4 common but can vary in number; hypoechoic, small structures.
Mammography
- Types: Screening (asymptomatic) and diagnostic (symptomatic).
- Routine Views: Craniocaudal (CC), Mediolateral Oblique (MLO).
- CC View: Identifies medial/lateral breast tissue.
- MLO View: More complete view; tail of Spence, pectoralis muscle, upper/lower portion.
- Advantages (MLO): Whole breast view, calcification visualization, interventional procedure suitability.
- Disadvantages (MLO): Radiation exposure, not ideal for pregnant women, difficulties for dense breasts.
- Breast Tissue Layers: Subcutaneous, mammary, retromammary.
- TDLU (Terminal Ductal Lobular Units): Site of most breast pathologies.
- Breast Exam Methods: Self-examinations, clinical breast exams, mammography.
- Mammographic Views: Two standard views for screening (CC & MLO) and additional views for diagnostics.
- Compression Importance: Thins breast tissue, reduces radiation scattering, minimizes motion.
- Mammographic Findings Evaluation: Understanding the method used to record the image and possible causes of abnormalities.
- Measuring Lesions: Locating a lesion by measurements from the nipple.
- Mammographic Density: Different tissues absorb x-rays differently; Important to note to evaluate.
- Margins: Describe lesion borders (smooth, circumscribed, ill-defined).
- Density: Describe tissue density or types of material the lesions are made of, including fat, mixed, water.
- Calcifications: Can be benign or malignant; various types.
- Fibrocystic Changes: Common, benign, and sometimes produce palpable lumps.
- Mammographic Density (Breast Tissue Concerns): Dense fibrous/glandular tissue can obscure tumors, screening limitations in women with dense tissue.
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Description
This quiz covers critical aspects of neonatal brain anatomy, including definitions of fontanelles, sutures, and brain divisions. Test your knowledge on conditions related to the neonatal brain, such as hydrocephalus and intracranial hemorrhage.
