Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the choroid plexus in the brain?
What is the primary function of the choroid plexus in the brain?
Which structure separates the two hemispheres of the brain?
Which structure separates the two hemispheres of the brain?
At what age does the anterior fontanelle typically close?
At what age does the anterior fontanelle typically close?
What connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?
What connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?
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Which part of the brain is responsible for motor control and coordination?
Which part of the brain is responsible for motor control and coordination?
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What is the most common site of germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH)?
What is the most common site of germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH)?
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Which ventricle is located at the midline of the brain?
Which ventricle is located at the midline of the brain?
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Which sutures are found in the human skull?
Which sutures are found in the human skull?
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What does the caudo-thalamic notch (CTN) refer to?
What does the caudo-thalamic notch (CTN) refer to?
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In which age group of infants is the cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) more cystic?
In which age group of infants is the cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) more cystic?
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Which type of hemorrhage is most commonly associated with the germinal matrix?
Which type of hemorrhage is most commonly associated with the germinal matrix?
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What can be observed in a Grade II hemorrhage imaging?
What can be observed in a Grade II hemorrhage imaging?
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Which structure is NOT typically seen in midline sagittal imaging of the neonatal brain?
Which structure is NOT typically seen in midline sagittal imaging of the neonatal brain?
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What is the significance of echogenicity in a hematoma over time?
What is the significance of echogenicity in a hematoma over time?
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Which structure(s) is/are classified as lateral structures during neonatal brain assessment?
Which structure(s) is/are classified as lateral structures during neonatal brain assessment?
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What does the 'lady in the dress' sign refer to in neonatal imaging?
What does the 'lady in the dress' sign refer to in neonatal imaging?
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Study Notes
Neonatal Brain Anatomy
- Follow-up: Hydrocephalus or abnormal prenatal diagnoses.
- Hemorrhage: Intracranial hemorrhage.
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Fontanelles:
- Anterior: Most common, open until 2 years (but scans until 12-14 months).
- Posterior: Open until 3 months, useful for intraventricular hemorrhage and ventricular horns.
- Sutures: Sagittal, coronal, lambdoid.
- Falx Cerebri: Fibrous structure separating the two hemispheres.
Brain Divisions
- Cerebrum: Upper portion, composed of four lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital).
- Brain Stem
- Cerebellum
Ventricles
- Lateral Ventricles (2): Frontal, body, occipital, and temporal horns. Trigone connects these.
- Third Ventricle: Midline structure.
- Fourth Ventricle: Midline structure.
- Foramen of Monroe: Connects lateral ventricles with third ventricle.
- Aqueduct of Sylvius: Connects third and fourth ventricles.
- Foramen of Luschka: Connects fourth ventricle with subarachnoid space.
- Choroid Plexus (CP): Produces 70% of CSF, located in ventricles. Hyperechoic on sonogram.
Corpus Callosum
- Deep nerve fiber bridge connecting hemispheres. Superior-medial to lateral ventricles.
- Hypoechoic, crescent-shape structure.
Thalami
- Homogenous structure inferior to lateral ventricle bodies.
Cavum Septum Pellucidum (CSP)
- Hypoechoic structure separating lateral ventricles' frontal horns.
- Less cystic in older babies.
Caudate Nucleus
- Relatively hyperechoic structure inferolateral to frontal horn and lateral ventricle body.
- Meets thalamus at caudothalamic notch (common site for germinal matrix hemorrhage).
Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage (GMH)
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Types:
- Sub-ependymal (SEH): Most common.
- Intraventricular (IVH): Clot enters lateral ventricles.
- Intraparenchymal (IPH): Hemorrhage enters frontal/parietal lobes.
- Timing: Most occur in the first 7 days of life.
-
Sonographic appearance:
- Early: Highly echogenic.
- Over time: Echogenicity decreases.
Structures on coronal sections
- Landmarks: Orbits, anterior horn, lateral ventricles, lateral ventricles, corpus callosum, third ventricle, cerebellum, choroid plexus, posterior brain, occipital lobes.
Structures on sagittal sections
- Midline: Corpus callosum, third ventricle, fourth ventricle, frontal/occipital horns, Aqueduct of Sylvius, Foramen of Monroe.
- Lateral: Thalamus, germinal matrix (caudothalamic groove), caudate nucleus, choroid plexus, anterior/body/occipital/temporal horns, lateral ventricles, sylvian fissures, temporal lobes.
- Landmark sign: "Lady in the dress" sign (CP and cerebellar vermis).
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the neonatal brain, including critical structures such as fontanelles, sutures, and the ventricular system. This quiz covers the various parts of the brain, including the cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum. Understand the importance of these structures in prenatal and postnatal diagnoses.
