Nematodes and Phasmids Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of phasmid sensilla in certain organisms?

Mechanical sensation

Chemoreception (correct)

Thermoreception

Light reception

Which reproductive strategy involves the activation of sperm without DNA transfer?

Trioery

Parthenogenesis

Hermaphroditism

Pseudogamy (correct)

In which developmental stage do some free-living roundworms, such as C. elegans, enter during adverse conditions?

Dauer stage (correct)

Embryonic stage

Infancy

Adulthood

What is the function of the cloaca in male nematodes?

Both excretion and reproduction Signup and view all the answers

Which nematode is known to live and mate in the human gut?

Whipworm Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chelicerae in spiders?

To carry prey and grasp objects Signup and view all the answers

What type of vision do the eight simple eyes of spiders provide?

Basic motion detection and light perception Signup and view all the answers

Which structures in spiders are primarily responsible for gas exchange?

Book lungs or tracheae Signup and view all the answers

Which type of silk do orb weavers produce that is sticky and used for catching prey?

Glue-like silk from aggregate glands Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about spider fangs is accurate?

They deliver neurotoxins to immobilize prey Signup and view all the answers

How do spiders primarily obtain their nutrients from their prey?

By digesting it externally and sucking up the liquidized remains Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of spinnerets do most spiders possess?

3 pairs Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes the tracheal system of spiders from that of insects?

Tracheae do not bring oxygen directly in contact with tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the gnathobases in spiders?

To grind food with digestive enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What defines the structure of book lungs in spiders?

They consist of a series of highly folded surfaces for gas exchange Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT a part of the alimentary canal in annelids?

Radula Signup and view all the answers

What function do the chaetae serve in polychaetes?

Locomotion Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following classes of annelids are parapodia absent?

Hirudinea Signup and view all the answers

What type of circulatory system do most mollusks possess?

Open circulatory system Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a characteristic feature of the cephalopods?

Complex eyes and large brain Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of reproduction in crassiclitellata?

Internal fertilization Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic differentiates the Heterobranchia from other gastropods?

Lack of true ctenidia Signup and view all the answers

How do polychaetes primarily move?

Using their parapodia Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the nephridia in annelids?

Excretion and osmoregulation Signup and view all the answers

What type of body plan do annelids exhibit?

Bilateral symmetry Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is specific to cephalopods compared to other mollusks?

Mouth surrounded by tentacles Signup and view all the answers

Which reproductive strategy is associated with polychaetes?

Can reproduce both asexually and sexually Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the radula in mollusks?

Feeding Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT true for the Echinodermata?

They exhibit bilateral symmetry in adults. Signup and view all the answers

What function does mutable collagenous tissue serve in Echinoderms?

It helps maintain fixed postures with minimal energy use. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about Nematodes is accurate?

Their body plan is described as a tube within a tube. Signup and view all the answers

What role do renette cells play in Nematodes?

They assist in osmoregulation. Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is NOT associated with the Nematode body structure?

Segmentation along the length of the body. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for gas exchange in Nematodes?

Body movement Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symmetry exhibited by adult Echinoderms?

Pentaradially symmetric Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the muscular closing valve of spiracles in Echinoderms?

To regulate air movement in and out. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the body wall of echinoids from other Echinoderms?

Ossicles form a ridged test. Signup and view all the answers

How is nitrogenous waste managed in free-living Nematodes?

Via renette cells connecting to an excretory pore. Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of Echinoderms' nervous system is unique?

Nerve net and ring system. Signup and view all the answers

What type of digestive system do Nematodes possess?

Complete digestive system. Signup and view all the answers

How do adult Echinoderms reproduce?

Gonochoristically with external fertilization. Signup and view all the answers

What type of skeleton do Nematodes primarily utilize?

Hydrostatic skeleton. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Annelida

General Body Form: Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, with a true coelom. Elongated and worm-like, divided into a presegmental region (prostomium), a region surrounding the mouth (peristomium), segmented body, and a posterior region (pygidium with anus).

Polychaetes

Segmentation: Metamerically segmented, with true segmental hydrostats for locomotion. Septa divide the coelom into waterproof compartments. Fluid-filled septa provide support. Cephalization is present with a prostomium (head).
Digestive System: Complete digestive tract with regional specialization.
Nervous System: Ventral nerve cord, ganglia, and circular segmental connectives.
Parapodia and Chaetae: Podium, chaetae arranged laterally in each segment, aiding in support and locomotion. Closed circulatory system with dorsal and ventral blood vessels.
Reproduction: Trochophore larva; various reproductive strategies.
Locomotion: Hydrostatic skeleton (support), muscles (longitudinal, circular, and oblique) allow for different movement patterns (crawl, rapid crawl, swimming, burrowing). Parapodia and chaetae enable power strokes, with oblique muscles moving them. Tube-dwellers have structural modifications – reduced parapodia, chaetae as anchors, slow peristaltic movement with chaetae, and head with specialized retractor muscles for feeding.
Feeding and Digestion: Complete digestive tract; foregut (buccal tube, esophagus, muscular pharynx, jaws, glands, mucus and poison), midgut (esophagus, stomach, intestine with secretory cells), hindgut (anus). They are predators, suspension feeders, and some are symbiotic.
Gas Exchange and Circulation: Parapodia (notopodium, neuropodium) increase surface area, facilitating gas exchange through body wall and/or gills. Closed circulatory systems with dorsal and ventral blood vessels; no heart, but movement of the body propels blood. Tube worms have capillary networks for transport.
Excretion and Osmoregulation: Metanephridia arranged per segment, with an inner ciliated funnel and a duct (may include storage).
Nervous System and Sense Organs: Dorsal cerebral ganglia, paired circumenteric connectives, ventral nerve cords with segmental ganglia, sensory receptors (touch, light) including eyes (pigment cup eye), ocelli, statocysts, and chemoreceptors.
Reproduction: Asexual budding, hermaphroditic, or dioecious with external fertilization or spawning methods. Epitoky, a specialized reproductive individual, is also observed.

Crassiclitellata

Characteristics: Lack parapodia, hermaphroditic.
Digestive System: Foregut (buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, calciferous glands, crop, gizzard), midgut (intestine), and hindgut.
Gas Exchange and Circulation: Diffusion, circumesophageal vessels (pseudohearts), dorsal and ventral blood vessels, subneural vessel.
Nervous System and Sense Organs: Cerebral ganglion, segmental nerves, ventral nerve cord.
Reproduction: Hermaphroditic with cross-fertilization. Female reproductive parts posterior to the male parts. Mucus, cocoon material, and albumin are involved. Mating involves alignment and production of mucus sheets and cocoons.
Excretion and Osmoregulation: Metanephridia and protonephridia primarily involved in osmoregulation.

Hirudinea

Body Plan: External annulation, no internal segmentation, thick dermal connective tissue filling spaces between muscle bands. Scavengers, predators, ectoparasites; anterior and posterior suckers.
Movement: Anterior sucker attaches, body moves, and posterior sucker releases.
Feeding and Digestion: Attach with anterior sucker, jaws cut host, pharynx pumps blood into gut. Crop and caeca store the blood meal, and gut bacteria assist in digestion. Water and salts are excreted during ingestion.
Medical Importance: Reduce hematoma areas, promote bleeding, and reduce arthritis pain.
Nervous System and Sense Organs: 2-10 dorsal eyes, sensory papillae; negatively phototactic, respond to vibrations, and warm temperatures.
Reproduction: Hermaphroditic, sperm transfer via copulatory apparatus, clitellar area, cocoon receiving eggs, albuminous fluid, and nutrients. Direct development.

Mollusca

General Characteristics: Second largest phylum, bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, coelomate (reduced), hemocoel, open circulatory system, mantle, heart in a pericardial chamber, muscular foot, radula, and complete gut specialization.
Body Plan: Three regions (head, foot, visceral mass), mantle cavity housing respiratory surfaces (ctenidia), openings for gut, reproductive, and excretory systems.
Shell: Calcareous exoskeleton.
Digestion: Complete gut, with foregut, midgut, and hindgut. Radula, crystalline style, and other digestive accessory organs.
Circulation and Gas Exchange: Open circulatory system, hemocoel, hemolymp, hemacyanin or hemoglobin, gills (ctenidia), countercurrent flow for gas exchange.
Reproduction: Trochophore and/or veliger larvae, direct or indirect development.
Feeding: Browsing/herbivorous, predatory, suspension, deposit feeders using jaws/radula/horny beak.

Bivalvia

Characteristics: Two valves with a hinge, adductor muscles, no well-developed head, labial palps, enlarged mantle/cavity lines shell, foot for movement and digging, and ctenidia.
Movement: Foot, burrowing, sessile forms.
Feeding: Suspension (enlarged ctenidia), deposit feeding (large labial palps).
Digestion: Complete gut, digestive glands, crystalline style (in some), with intracellular digestion.
Circulation and Gas Exchange: Open circulatory system, reduced coelom, hemocoel, ctenidia, countercurrent exchange.

Gastropoda

Characteristics: Asymmetrical, spirally coiled shell (except some). Head with eyes and tentacles, radula (usually), foot (with operculum), mantle rotated 90-180 degrees with respect to the foot (torsion).
Movement: Foot, pedal glands, muscular contractions, some sedentary forms.
Feeding: Radula, diverse feeding strategies, piercing, sucking, or rasping.
Nervous System: Well-defined anterior ganglia forming a nerve ring, cerebral ganglia.

Heterobranchia

Characteristics: Lack true ctenidia, simple gut, no crystalline style, short intestine, radula may be absent, reduced/absent shell, operculum (horny), head with eyes, 1-2 tentacles, hermaphroditic.

Cephalopoda

Characteristics: Highly modified, shell reduced/lost (except nautilus), jet propulsion, closed circulatory system, large complex eyes, arms/tentacles, beak with radula, mantle cavity, muscular funnel, well-developed nervous system, benthic/pelagic, predators.
Movement: Jet propulsion using siphon.
Feeding: Hunting, injecting neurotoxin (octopus).
Reproduction: Gonochoristic, male spermatophores, female oviduct, complex precopulatory behaviors, often with adult mortality after mating. Coloration, ink used for camouflage and communication.

Polyplacophora

Characteristics: Flattened, 8 dorsal plates/valves, thick girdle, mantle cavity encircles foot, ctenidia, nephridia, no eyes or tentacles, radula.

Scaphopoda

Characteristics: Shell (one piece, 2 openings), long mantle cavity, no ctenidia or eyes, radula, long proboscis, contractile tentacles.

Arthropoda

Characteristics: Segmented, metameric repetition, tagmata (head, thorax, abdomen), thick cuticle exoskeleton (chitin + protein), jointed appendages, compound and simple eyes, reduced coelom (hemocoel), complete gut, nervous system (cerebral ganglia, ventral nerve cords), growth by ecdysis.
Exoskeleton: Support, locomotion.
Locomotion: Jointed appendages (protopod, telopod, epipods), peristalsis, no hydrostatic skeleton.
Growth: Ecdysis (molting), controlled by hormones, staggered growth, stages between molts.
Digestion: Foregut (mechanical), midgut (chemical digestion/absorption), hindgut (water absorption).
Circulation and Gas Exchange: Open hemocoel, muscular heart, variations in vessels and gas exchange structures (gills, book lungs, tracheae).
Excretion: Variety of structures (nephridia, antennal/maxillary glands, malpighian tubules, coxal glands).
Nervous System: Cerebral ganglia, ventral ganglionated nerve cord.
Sense Organs: Setae, hairs, bristles; mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors (simple and compound eyes).

Major Clade: Mandibulata and Subphylum Crustacea

Characteristics: Three tagmata, appendages (biramous, uniramous), mandibles, two pairs of antennae, gills, nauplius larva.
Body Plan: Fused thoracic segments, head (5 pairs of appendages, eyes), abdomen.
Reproduction: Gonochoristic, hermaphroditic, various mating behaviors (courtship, combat), larval stages (nauplius, zoea, megalopa).
Feeding: Filter feeding, active suspension feeding, and others.

Chelicerata

Characteristics: Two tagmata, (prosoma, opisthosoma), no antennae, chelicerae, pedipalps, 4 pairs of walking legs, eyes (simple, often 4 pairs), book lungs/tracheae.
Sensory Organs: Setae, trichobothria, pectines.

Hexapoda

Characteristics: Three tagmata (head, thorax, abdomen), tracheal system, spiracles, tracheae, branching tracheoles.

Echinodermata

Characteristics: Exclusively marine, triploblastic, deuterostomes, calcareous endoskeleton, pentaradial symmetry, water vascular system, mutable collagenous tissue.
Body Wall: Epidermis covers body; dermis contains ossicles (plates), muscles, peritoneum, mutable connective tissues.
Water Vascular System: Series of canals and tube feet.
Nervous System: Decentralized nerve net, nerve ring, radial nerves.

Nematoda

Characteristics: Triploblastic, bilateral, vermiform, unsegmented, pseudocoelomate, cylindrical body, cuticle, longitudinal muscles, cephalic and caudal sense organs, lack circulatory or respiratory systems, complete digestive system.
Body Plan: Tube within a tube, pseudocoelom, cuticle (support, movement, secretion/excretion), longitudinal muscles (contraction against hydrostatic pressure), various sensory structures.
Feeding and Digestion: Deposit/detritivores, carnivores, plant parasites; complete digestive tract with regions, buccal cavity, muscular pharynx, intestine.
Osmoregulation: Renette cells, cuticle permeability.
Nervous System and Sense Organs: Nerve ring, longitudinal nerves, various sensilla (amphids, phasmids, setae) involved in chemoreception, touch, and osmotic reception.
Reproduction: Gonochoristic, sexual dimorphism, copulatory apparatus (in males). Various reproductive strategies (hermaphroditism, parthenogenesis).

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Test your knowledge on nematodes and phasmids with this quiz! Explore fascinating questions about their reproductive strategies, developmental stages, and unique anatomical features. Ideal for biology enthusiasts and students alike!