Neisseria Meningitidis and Gonorrhoeae Quiz

N. meningitidis (Neisseria meningitidis)

• Classification: Gram-negative diplococcus.
• Disease: Causes meningococcal meningitis and meningococcemia.
• Transmission: Respiratory droplets; close contact.
• Pathogenicity: Encapsulated; can evade immune response.
• Symptoms: Fever, headache, neck stiffness, petechial rash.
• Diagnosis: Culture of CSF, blood; rapid antigen tests.
• Prevention: Vaccination; prophylactic antibiotics for close contacts.

N. gonorrhoeae (Neisseria gonorrhoeae)

• Classification: Gram-negative diplococcus.
• Disease: Causes gonorrhea (venereal disease).
• Transmission: Sexual contact; vertical (mother to child).
• Pathogenicity: Adhesion to mucosal surfaces; antigenic variation.
• Symptoms: Urethritis, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease; asymptomatic in many.
• Diagnosis: Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs); culture on selective media.
• Treatment: Antibiotic therapy (dual therapy recommended due to resistance).

Shigella

• Classification: Gram-negative, non-lactose fermenting bacilli.
• Disease: Causes shigellosis (bacillary dysentery).
• Transmission: Fecal-oral route; highly infectious; contaminated food/water.
• Pathogenicity: Invades intestinal epithelial cells; produces Shiga toxin.
• Symptoms: Diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal pain, fever.
• Diagnosis: Stool culture; detection of Shiga toxin.
• Treatment: Rehydration; antibiotics in severe cases.

C. jejuni (Campylobacter jejuni)

• Classification: Gram-negative, curved or spiral-shaped bacillus.
• Disease: Causes campylobacteriosis.
• Transmission: Contaminated food/water; undercooked poultry.
• Pathogenicity: Adheres to and invades intestinal epithelium.
• Symptoms: Diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal cramps, fever.
• Diagnosis: Stool culture; selective media for Campylobacter.
• Treatment: Generally self-limiting; antibiotics for severe cases.

H. pylori (Helicobacter pylori)

• Classification: Gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacillus.
• Disease: Causes peptic ulcers and chronic gastritis; associated with gastric cancer.
• Transmission: Fecal-oral or oral-oral route; poorly understood.
• Pathogenicity: Survives acidic stomach environment; produces urease.
• Symptoms: Epigastric pain, nausea, bloating; can be asymptomatic.
• Diagnosis: Urea breath test, stool antigen test, endoscopy with biopsy.
• Treatment: Triple or quadruple therapy (antibiotics + proton pump inhibitors).

V. cholerae (Vibrio cholerae)

• Classification: Gram-negative, comma-shaped bacillus.
• Disease: Causes cholera.
• Transmission: Fecal-oral route; contaminated water/food.
• Pathogenicity: Produces cholera toxin; leads to severe dehydration.
• Symptoms: Profuse watery diarrhea ("rice-water" stools), vomiting.
• Diagnosis: Stool culture; cholera rapid test kits.
• Treatment: Oral rehydration therapy; antibiotics for severe cases.

V. parahaemolyticus (Vibrio parahaemolyticus)

• Classification: Gram-negative, curved bacillus.
• Disease: Causes gastroenteritis (vibriosis).
• Transmission: Contaminated seafood (raw or undercooked).
• Pathogenicity: Produces thermostable direct hemolysin; can cause diarrhea.
• Symptoms: Watery, sometimes bloody diarrhea; abdominal pain, nausea.
• Diagnosis: Stool culture on selective media.
• Treatment: Typically self-limiting; rehydration is key.

Neisseria meningitidis

• Gram-negative diplococcus
• Causes meningococcal meningitis and meningococcemia
• Transmitted through respiratory droplets and close contact
• Encapsulated, evades immune response
• Symptoms: Fever, headache, neck stiffness, petechial rash
• Diagnosed through CSF and blood cultures, rapid antigen tests
• Prevented by vaccination and prophylactic antibiotics for close contacts

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

• Gram-negative diplococcus
• Causes gonorrhea, a venereal disease
• Transmitted through sexual contact and vertically from mother to child
• Adheres to mucosal surfaces and exhibits antigenic variation
• Symptoms: Urethritis, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, often asymptomatic
• Diagnosed through NAATs and culture on selective media
• Treated with antibiotic therapy, dual therapy recommended due to resistance

Shigella

• Gram-negative, non-lactose fermenting bacilli
• Causes shigellosis (bacillary dysentery)
• Transmitted through fecal-oral route, highly infectious, contaminated food/water
• Invades intestinal epithelial cells, produces Shiga toxin
• Symptoms: Diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal pain, fever
• Diagnosed through stool culture and detection of Shiga toxin
• Treated with rehydration, antibiotics in severe cases

Campylobacter jejuni

• Gram-negative, curved or spiral-shaped bacillus
• Causes campylobacteriosis
• Transmitted through contaminated food/water, undercooked poultry
• Adheres to and invades intestinal epithelium
• Symptoms: Diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal cramps, fever
• Diagnosed through stool culture on selective media
• Generally self-limiting, antibiotics for severe cases

Helicobacter pylori

• Gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacillus
• Causes peptic ulcers and chronic gastritis, associated with gastric cancer
• Transmitted through fecal-oral or oral-oral route, poorly understood
• Survives acidic stomach environment, produces urease
• Symptoms: Epigastric pain, nausea, bloating, can be asymptomatic
• Diagnosed through urea breath test, stool antigen test, endoscopy with biopsy
• Treated with triple or quadruple therapy (antibiotics + proton pump inhibitors)

Vibrio cholerae

• Gram-negative, comma-shaped bacillus
• Causes cholera
• Transmitted through fecal-oral route, contaminated water/food
• Produces cholera toxin, leads to severe dehydration
• Symptoms: Profuse watery diarrhea ("rice-water" stools), vomiting
• Diagnosed through stool culture and cholera rapid test kits
• Treated with oral rehydration therapy, antibiotics for severe cases

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

• Gram-negative, curved bacillus
• Causes gastroenteritis (vibriosis)
• Transmitted through contaminated seafood (raw or undercooked)
• Produces thermostable direct hemolysin, can cause diarrhea
• Symptoms: Watery, sometimes bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea
• Diagnosed through stool culture on selective media
• Typically self-limiting, rehydration is key

Neisseria Meningitidis

• The primary transmission method for Neisseria meningitidis is through respiratory droplets.
• Neisseria meningitidis can evade the immune response by possessing a capsule.
• Vaccination is a primary mode of prevention for Neisseria meningitidis infections.

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

• Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea.
• A common diagnostic method for Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a culture.

Shigella

• Shigellosis is often characterized by bloody diarrhea.
• Shiga toxin is produced by Shigella.

Helicobacter pylori

• Peptic ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori are commonly associated with abdominal pain.

Campylobacter jejuni

• Campylobacter jejuni has a characteristic S-shaped morphology.

Vibrio cholerae

• Vibrio cholerae is primarily transmitted through contaminated water.
• A characteristic symptom of cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae is watery diarrhea.
• Vibrio cholerae is classified as a facultative anaerobic bacterium.
• Severe cholera cases are typically treated with intravenous fluids and antibiotics.
• Vibrio cholerae produces cholera toxin, which leads to severe dehydration.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

• Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a halophilic bacterium.
• A culture is used to diagnose Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections.
• Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections are commonly associated with seafood consumption.
• Fluid therapy is crucial in managing gastroenteritis caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

Pasteurella multocida

• Pasteurella multocida is primarily associated with animal bites.
• Pasteurella multocida can be identified under a microscope as a gram-negative coccobacillus.
• Pasteurella multocida can lead to infections such as cellulitis, septicemia, and pneumonia.
• Animal bites are common sources of Pasteurella multocida infection.
• Penicillin is often used to treat infections caused by Pasteurella multocida.