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Questions and Answers
Which of the following are considered non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
What physiological role does blood serve regarding cellular waste?
Which of the following serum lipid levels would indicate a potentially healthy status?
Which modifiable factor is typically a strong indicator of cardiovascular disease?
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Which of the following options lists major symptoms associated with cardiovascular disease?
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What is the primary function of the right ventricle during the cardiac cycle?
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Which of the following best describes 'afterload'?
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What is the normal firing rate of the AV node?
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During which phase of the cardiac cycle does the heart perform contraction?
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Which component is responsible for the heart's intrinsic pacing?
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What does the formula for cardiac output (CO) represent?
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Which factor does NOT influence heart rate?
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What condition can affect preload during the cardiac cycle?
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What is the primary function of the heart in oxygenation?
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Which layer of the heart is responsible for the heart's contraction?
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What characteristic of myocardial cells allows them to initiate impulses spontaneously?
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Which of the following structures is NOT considered a component involved in oxygenation?
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Which coronary artery supplies the left anterior descending artery?
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What purpose does the pericardium serve for the heart?
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Which property refers to the heart's ability to respond to stimuli?
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What volume of blood does the heart pump per beat under normal conditions?
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Study Notes
Disturbances in Oxygenation
- Components involved: heart, lungs, red blood cells, blood vessels.
Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart
- Cone-shaped, hollow muscular organ located in the mediastinum between lungs.
- Pumps approximately 60 ml per beat, totaling around 5 L per minute.
- Protected by pericardium, consisting of 3 layers of cardiac muscle: epicardium (outermost), myocardium (middle), endocardium (innermost).
Coronary Arteries
- Left coronary artery branches:
- Left anterior descending artery supplies left ventricle, ventricular septum, chordae tendinae, and papillary muscle.
- Circumflex coronary artery supplies left atrium, lateral and posterior left ventricle, part of interventricular septum, and nodes (SA, AV).
- Right coronary artery supplies right atrium, right ventricle, and inferior left ventricle.
- Branching varies among individuals.
Electrophysiologic Properties of the Heart
- Automaticity: heart can initiate impulses spontaneously.
- Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli.
- Conductivity: transmission of electrical impulses.
- Contractility: ability to contract effectively.
- Refractoriness: inability to respond until repolarization occurs.
Heart Chambers and Pressures
- Right atrium: 0-5 mmHg.
- Right ventricle: 25 mmHg.
- Left atrium: pressure not specified.
- Left ventricle: pressure not specified.
Heart Valves
- Comprises AV (atrioventricular) valves and semilunar valves.
Cardiac Cycle
- Systole: contraction phase for blood ejection.
- Diastole: relaxation phase for blood filling.
Mechanical Properties of the Heart
- Cardiac output calculated as: Cardiac Output = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume.
- Influenced by:
- Heart rate modulation by the ANS and endogenous catecholamines.
- Stroke volume influenced by:
- Preload: volume of blood in ventricles before contraction.
- Afterload: resistance against which ventricles must pump.
- Contractility: intrinsic ability of the heart muscle to contract.
Assessment of Cardiovascular Health
- History taking focuses on client’s risk factors and symptoms of cardiovascular disease.
- Gather demographic data: age, gender, ethnic background.
- Personal history, family history, and dietary habits are considered.
- Socioeconomic status can affect health outcomes.
Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
-
Modifiable Factors:
- Cigarette smoking.
- Physical inactivity.
- Obesity, especially abdominal obesity.
- Psychological factors.
- Chronic diseases.
-
Non-modifiable Factors:
- Age, gender, ethnic background, and family history.
Lipid Profile
- Cholesterol levels: normal range 122-200 mg/dl.
- Triglycerides (TGL): normal range 40-160 mg/dl (or 35-135 mg/dl).
- High-density lipoprotein (HDL): normal range 45-50 mg/dl (or 55-60 mg/dl).
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): normal range 60-180 mg/dl.
- Ideal HDL:LDL ratio is approximately 3:1.
Major Symptoms of Cardiovascular Disease
- Specific symptoms not detailed, but necessitate awareness for early intervention.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the disturbances of oxygenation as covered in NCMB312. This quiz focuses on key components involved, such as the heart, lungs, red blood cells, and blood vessels. Prepare for your prelim week in the Bachelor of Science in Nursing program.
