NCLEX Flashcards on ABO Blood Typing

ABO Antigen System

• The ABO antigen system classifies human blood into different types based on antigens present on red blood cells (RBCs).

Blood Type Compatibility

• Type A is compatible with A and O.
• Type B is compatible with B and O.
• Type O is only compatible with type O.
• Type AB is compatible with A, B, and O.

Acetylsalicylic Acid (Aspirin)

• Commonly known as Aspirin.
• Indicated for mild to moderate pain.
• Increases the effects of Methotrexate.

Methotrexate

• Used as a chemotherapy agent and for treating rheumatoid arthritis.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

• Primary symptom is heartburn (pyrosis).
• Confirmed through a barium swallow fluoroscopy.
• Caused by malfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter.
• Client teaching includes a low-fat, high-protein diet, taking antacids, and avoiding lying flat after meals.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

• Responsible for causing AIDS.
• Transmitted via sexual contact and direct exposure to infected blood/bodily fluids, including semen and breast milk.
• Symptoms include weight loss, diarrhea, night sweats, fever, and fatigue.

HIV Testing

• Screening for HIV begins with ELISA to check for antibodies.
• Confirmed through the HIV Differentiation assay; Western Blot is no longer in use.

Impact of HIV on the Immune System

• HIV attacks the immune system by destroying T-lymphocytes (CD4 cells).
• T-lymphocytes are crucial for recognizing and fighting pathogens.
• Normal CD4 count ranges from 500 to 1500; levels below 200 indicate progression to AIDS and increased risk of opportunistic infections.

Opportunistic Infections

• Include oral pharyngeal candidiasis, Kaposi's Sarcoma, Pneumocystis pneumonia, Cytomegalovirus, and meningitis.

HIV Medications

• Aim to interfere with the virus's replication.
• Zidovudine is a key medication.

Isolation Precautions

• Standard or Universal precautions are used for HIV. Treat all patients as potentially infected.
• In cases of AIDS with low CD4 count, implement private/reverse isolation and use gloves, gowns, goggles, and masks during contact with bodily fluids.

HIV Teaching for Parents

• Clean body fluids/blood using a 10:1 water to bleach ratio.
• Administer all immunizations except live ones (such as oral polio, varicella, MMR).
• Encourage a high-calorie, high-protein diet.
• Use gloves when changing diapers.

Acute Renal Failure (ARF)

• Defined as the sudden loss of kidney function, affecting toxin excretion and fluid/electrolyte regulation.
• Possible causes include infection, obstruction, and shock.
• The three phases of ARF are oliguric, diuretic, and recovery.

Test your knowledge on the ABO antigen system and blood compatibility with these quick flashcards. Covering essential facts for the NCLEX, this quiz is perfect for nursing students preparing for their exams. Gain confidence in understanding blood types and their interactions.