Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of Chapter 1?
What is the primary focus of Chapter 1?
Pain
As a charge nurse, what is your initial action for a client with chronic pain whose medication requests have not been met?
As a charge nurse, what is your initial action for a client with chronic pain whose medication requests have not been met?
Which question should you ask a client encouraged by family to 'tough out the pain'?
Which question should you ask a client encouraged by family to 'tough out the pain'?
Which medication will you advocate for a client with diabetic neuropathy reporting burning pain?
Which medication will you advocate for a client with diabetic neuropathy reporting burning pain?
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Which client is most likely to receive opioids for extended periods of time?
Which client is most likely to receive opioids for extended periods of time?
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What action should you take first when a newly graduated RN has correctly charted dose and time of medication but not nonpharmaceutical measures?
What action should you take first when a newly graduated RN has correctly charted dose and time of medication but not nonpharmaceutical measures?
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What is the primary focus of Chapter 2?
What is the primary focus of Chapter 2?
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Which task could be delegated to a UAP for a patient with esophageal cancer?
Which task could be delegated to a UAP for a patient with esophageal cancer?
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What is the priority diagnosis for a patient with scant rectal bleeding and frequent bowel habit changes becoming angry?
What is the priority diagnosis for a patient with scant rectal bleeding and frequent bowel habit changes becoming angry?
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Which patient is at greatest risk for pancreatic cancer?
Which patient is at greatest risk for pancreatic cancer?
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Which actions are needed for patients placed on bleeding precautions?
Which actions are needed for patients placed on bleeding precautions?
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Which patient would be most appropriately assigned to an LPN/LVN?
Which patient would be most appropriately assigned to an LPN/LVN?
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What is the primary focus of Chapter 3?
What is the primary focus of Chapter 3?
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After administering an intradermal allergen injection, what is the first action if the patient feels anxious and dizzy?
After administering an intradermal allergen injection, what is the first action if the patient feels anxious and dizzy?
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Which nursing action will be delegated to health assistants for reducing HIV infection incidence?
Which nursing action will be delegated to health assistants for reducing HIV infection incidence?
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Which student nursing action regarding an HIV-positive patient indicates the need for immediate intervention?
Which student nursing action regarding an HIV-positive patient indicates the need for immediate intervention?
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What information is most important to communicate to the physician after administering pentamidine to a patient?
What information is most important to communicate to the physician after administering pentamidine to a patient?
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What patient information about HAART therapy is most concerning?
What patient information about HAART therapy is most concerning?
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What is the primary focus of Chapter 4?
What is the primary focus of Chapter 4?
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Which action related to fluid management should be delegated to a UAP?
Which action related to fluid management should be delegated to a UAP?
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Which finding indicates that you need to contact the health care provider about a change in the drug therapy for a client taking enalapril (Vasotec)?
Which finding indicates that you need to contact the health care provider about a change in the drug therapy for a client taking enalapril (Vasotec)?
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Which interventions will be important to include in the discharge plan for a client with cardiovascular risk factors? (Select all that apply)
Which interventions will be important to include in the discharge plan for a client with cardiovascular risk factors? (Select all that apply)
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Which value is most important to report to the physician before a patient undergoes knee arthroscopy?
Which value is most important to report to the physician before a patient undergoes knee arthroscopy?
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Which action by a new RN administering packed red blood cells (PRBCs) requires immediate intervention?
Which action by a new RN administering packed red blood cells (PRBCs) requires immediate intervention?
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Which action prescribed for a patient with sickle cell anemia in crisis will you implement first?
Which action prescribed for a patient with sickle cell anemia in crisis will you implement first?
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Which activity can you delegate to an experienced UAP for a patient with anemia caused by possible gastrointestinal bleeding?
Which activity can you delegate to an experienced UAP for a patient with anemia caused by possible gastrointestinal bleeding?
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Which patient is best assigned to a float nurse who has come from the postanesthesia care unit (PACU)?
Which patient is best assigned to a float nurse who has come from the postanesthesia care unit (PACU)?
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What is the priority nursing diagnosis for a client experiencing a migraine headache?
What is the priority nursing diagnosis for a client experiencing a migraine headache?
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Which key items should you include in the teaching plan for a client with newly-diagnosed migraine headaches? (Select all that apply)
Which key items should you include in the teaching plan for a client with newly-diagnosed migraine headaches? (Select all that apply)
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Which action can you delegate to the UAP after a client has a seizure?
Which action can you delegate to the UAP after a client has a seizure?
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Which actions can you delegate to an LPN/LVN when admitting a client with a seizure disorder?
Which actions can you delegate to an LPN/LVN when admitting a client with a seizure disorder?
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For which statement should you intervene when teaching a client and family about epilepsy?
For which statement should you intervene when teaching a client and family about epilepsy?
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What should you direct a caller reporting redness of the sclera, itching of the eyes, and increased lacrimation to do first?
What should you direct a caller reporting redness of the sclera, itching of the eyes, and increased lacrimation to do first?
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What is the most important thing to stress when teaching about the prevention of accidental eye injuries?
What is the most important thing to stress when teaching about the prevention of accidental eye injuries?
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Which clients should be assigned to the most experienced nurse in an ambulatory care center specializing in vision problems? (Select all that apply)
Which clients should be assigned to the most experienced nurse in an ambulatory care center specializing in vision problems? (Select all that apply)
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Have the client sit down and tilt his or her head slightly backward. _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____
Have the client sit down and tilt his or her head slightly backward. _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____
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Which tasks are appropriate to delegate to an LPN/LVN who is functioning under the supervision of an RN? (Select all that apply)
Which tasks are appropriate to delegate to an LPN/LVN who is functioning under the supervision of an RN? (Select all that apply)
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You are initiating a nursing care plan for a patient with osteoporosis. Which intervention should you delegate to the UAP?
You are initiating a nursing care plan for a patient with osteoporosis. Which intervention should you delegate to the UAP?
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Which teaching points will you be sure to include for a patient with osteoporosis to prevent falls? (Select all that apply)
Which teaching points will you be sure to include for a patient with osteoporosis to prevent falls? (Select all that apply)
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Which finding should you notify the physician about first when admitting a patient with Paget disease?
Which finding should you notify the physician about first when admitting a patient with Paget disease?
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Which action requires that the charge nurse intervene when an LPN/LVN is providing interventions for a patient with Paget disease?
Which action requires that the charge nurse intervene when an LPN/LVN is providing interventions for a patient with Paget disease?
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You are making assignments for the day shift. Which patient would you assign to the nurse who was floated from the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) for the day?
You are making assignments for the day shift. Which patient would you assign to the nurse who was floated from the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) for the day?
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Which task is most suitable to delegate to the UAP when preparing a client for a colonoscopy procedure?
Which task is most suitable to delegate to the UAP when preparing a client for a colonoscopy procedure?
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You would be most concerned about an order for a total parenteral nutrition (TPN) fat emulsion for a client with which condition?
You would be most concerned about an order for a total parenteral nutrition (TPN) fat emulsion for a client with which condition?
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Which assessment finding is the most serious for a client with peptic ulcer disease?
Which assessment finding is the most serious for a client with peptic ulcer disease?
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Which finding should be called to the attention of the surgeon before proceeding with surgical treatment for obesity?
Which finding should be called to the attention of the surgeon before proceeding with surgical treatment for obesity?
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When preparing to review a teaching plan for a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus, which value would you be sure to review?
When preparing to review a teaching plan for a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus, which value would you be sure to review?
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Which task should you delegate to a UAP for a patient with newly-diagnosed type 2 diabetes?
Which task should you delegate to a UAP for a patient with newly-diagnosed type 2 diabetes?
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Which key points should you include in the teaching plan for a patient with newly-diagnosed diabetes? (Select all that apply)
Which key points should you include in the teaching plan for a patient with newly-diagnosed diabetes? (Select all that apply)
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Which finding would you instruct the LPN/LVN to report immediately?
Which finding would you instruct the LPN/LVN to report immediately?
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Which intervention should you delegate to a UAP for a diabetic patient?
Which intervention should you delegate to a UAP for a diabetic patient?
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Which assessment finding supports a diagnosis of Graves disease (hyperthyroidism)?
Which assessment finding supports a diagnosis of Graves disease (hyperthyroidism)?
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Which change in vital signs would you instruct the UAP to report immediately for a patient with hyperthyroidism?
Which change in vital signs would you instruct the UAP to report immediately for a patient with hyperthyroidism?
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For a patient with hyperthyroidism, which task will you delegate to an experienced UAP?
For a patient with hyperthyroidism, which task will you delegate to an experienced UAP?
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As the shift begins, you are assigned to care for the following patients. Which patient should you assess first?
As the shift begins, you are assigned to care for the following patients. Which patient should you assess first?
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Which assessment finding supports the nursing diagnosis of Decreased Cardiac Output related to decreased plasma volume?
Which assessment finding supports the nursing diagnosis of Decreased Cardiac Output related to decreased plasma volume?
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A patient is hospitalized with adrenocortical insufficiency. Which nursing activity should you delegate to a UAP?
A patient is hospitalized with adrenocortical insufficiency. Which nursing activity should you delegate to a UAP?
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Which interventions for oral health are within the scope of practice for an LPN/LVN being supervised by a nurse? (Select all that apply.)
Which interventions for oral health are within the scope of practice for an LPN/LVN being supervised by a nurse? (Select all that apply.)
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You are caring for a client who has just had a squamous cell carcinoma removed from the face. Which activity can you delegate to an experienced LPN/LVN?
You are caring for a client who has just had a squamous cell carcinoma removed from the face. Which activity can you delegate to an experienced LPN/LVN?
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When planning care for a resident with a stage III sacral pressure ulcer, which nursing intervention is best to delegate to an LPN/LVN?
When planning care for a resident with a stage III sacral pressure ulcer, which nursing intervention is best to delegate to an LPN/LVN?
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Which order takes priority for a client with a diagnosis of Excess Fluid Volume?
Which order takes priority for a client with a diagnosis of Excess Fluid Volume?
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Which client should you assess first in the burn unit?
Which client should you assess first in the burn unit?
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Which laboratory value should you check immediately for a client with prominent U waves?
Which laboratory value should you check immediately for a client with prominent U waves?
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Which action will you take first for a client suspected of having SARS?
Which action will you take first for a client suspected of having SARS?
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List the steps of the care plan in the order in which each should be accomplished: Apply silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene) ointment, obtain specimens for aerobic and anaerobic wound cultures, administer morphine sulfate 10 mg IV, debride the wound of eschar using gauze sponges, cover the wound with a sterile gauze dressing.
List the steps of the care plan in the order in which each should be accomplished: Apply silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene) ointment, obtain specimens for aerobic and anaerobic wound cultures, administer morphine sulfate 10 mg IV, debride the wound of eschar using gauze sponges, cover the wound with a sterile gauze dressing.
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In what order will you perform the following actions after oral suctioning on a client in contact and airborne precautions?
In what order will you perform the following actions after oral suctioning on a client in contact and airborne precautions?
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Which client is best to assign to an RN who has floated from the oncology unit?
Which client is best to assign to an RN who has floated from the oncology unit?
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You are providing nursing care for a 24-year-old female patient admitted to the unit with a diagnosis of cystitis. Which intervention should you delegate to the UAP?
You are providing nursing care for a 24-year-old female patient admitted to the unit with a diagnosis of cystitis. Which intervention should you delegate to the UAP?
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Which personal protective equipment (PPE) will you need when preparing to assess a client diagnosed with disseminated herpes zoster? (Select all that apply.)
Which personal protective equipment (PPE) will you need when preparing to assess a client diagnosed with disseminated herpes zoster? (Select all that apply.)
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Which client requires the most rapid action to protect others in the ED from infection?
Which client requires the most rapid action to protect others in the ED from infection?
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Which laboratory result is of most concern to you for an adult patient with cystitis?
Which laboratory result is of most concern to you for an adult patient with cystitis?
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As charge nurse, you would assign the nursing care of which patient to an LPN/LVN working under the supervision of an RN?
As charge nurse, you would assign the nursing care of which patient to an LPN/LVN working under the supervision of an RN?
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Which actions are appropriate for an experienced LPN/LVN providing care for a patient with a respiratory problem? (Select all that apply.)
Which actions are appropriate for an experienced LPN/LVN providing care for a patient with a respiratory problem? (Select all that apply.)
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Which finding concerns you immediately for a patient with chronic emphysema receiving oxygen at 5 L/min?
Which finding concerns you immediately for a patient with chronic emphysema receiving oxygen at 5 L/min?
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Which piece of the patient's medical history supports a diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI)?
Which piece of the patient's medical history supports a diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI)?
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What should your plan of care for a patient suspected of having interstitial cystitis include?
What should your plan of care for a patient suspected of having interstitial cystitis include?
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What intervention should you suggest for a patient reporting nasal passage discomfort while receiving oxygen at 6 L/min?
What intervention should you suggest for a patient reporting nasal passage discomfort while receiving oxygen at 6 L/min?
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Which information will require the most immediate action for a client with a history of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
Which information will require the most immediate action for a client with a history of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
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Which action by a student performing tracheostomy care would cause you to intervene?
Which action by a student performing tracheostomy care would cause you to intervene?
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While performing a breast examination on a 22-year-old client, which finding is of most concern?
While performing a breast examination on a 22-year-old client, which finding is of most concern?
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Which actions would you clearly provide to an RN supervising a patient admitted with anterior epistaxis? (Select all that apply.)
Which actions would you clearly provide to an RN supervising a patient admitted with anterior epistaxis? (Select all that apply.)
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After undergoing a modified radical mastectomy, which nursing action is best to delegate to an experienced LPN/LVN?
After undergoing a modified radical mastectomy, which nursing action is best to delegate to an experienced LPN/LVN?
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Which laboratory test is most useful for a client reporting substernal and left arm discomfort related to acute coronary syndrome (ACS)?
Which laboratory test is most useful for a client reporting substernal and left arm discomfort related to acute coronary syndrome (ACS)?
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Which client finding requires immediate action during a treadmill stress test?
Which client finding requires immediate action during a treadmill stress test?
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Which actions can be delegated to an experienced LPN/LVN in the ED for a client with acute substernal chest pain? (Select all that apply.)
Which actions can be delegated to an experienced LPN/LVN in the ED for a client with acute substernal chest pain? (Select all that apply.)
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Study Notes
إدارة الألم
- يتمثل دور الممرض المسؤول في تقييم أداء الطاقم والاتجاهات بالنسبة للمريض الذي يعاني من الألم.
- يجب على الممرضة إجراء مؤتمر مع الممرضين المعنيين لتقصي المعلومات المتعلقة بإدارة الألم.
- التساؤل حول المعتقدات حول الأدوية ومخاطر الإدمان هو جزء أساسي من البعد الاجتماعي والثقافي للألم.
إدارة الألم عند مرضى السكري
- غابابنتين هو الخيار الأول لعلاج الألم العصبي لمرضى السكري، فهو دواء مضاد للتشنجات.
- الأدوية الأفيونية مثل هيدروكودون يمكن أن تكون مناسبة في حالات الألم المزمن، لكن يجب استخدامها بحذر.
أولوية الرعاية في حالات السرطان
- يمكن تفويض مهام مثل العناية الفموية لمساعد الدعم، بينما يبقى على الممرض مراقبة استجابة المريض.
- الحالة النفسية للمريض (القلق) يجب أن تؤخذ بعين الاعتبار عند محاولة تقديم المعلومات حول الإجراءات الطبية.
مخاطر الإصابة بالسرطان
- المرضى من ذوي التاريخ العائلي للسرطان يحتاجون إلى متابعة دقيقة لتجنب المضاعفات.
- الرجال المسنون بالإضافة إلى المدخنين هم الأكثر عرضة للإصابة بسرطان البنكرياس.
الرعاية أثناء العلاج الكيميائي
- المرضى الذين يخضعون للعلاج الكيميائي يحتاجون إلى اتخاذ الحيطة في ما يتعلق بمخاطر انخفاض الصفائح الدموية.
- يجب تجنب الغسول الفموي المحتوي على الكحول لأن ذلك يعرض الغشاء المخاطي للجفاف.
إدارة الطوارئ في حالات الحساسية
- إعطاء الإبينيفرين هو العلاج الأساسي لحالات الصدمة التحسسية.
- توصيل الأكسجين يعد إجراءً مناسبًا ولكن يفضل أن يتم عن طريق قناع غير قابل للتنفس للوصول إلى أعلى تركيز ممكن.
معالجة فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية (HIV)
- يجب توجيه المساعدين الصحيين لتوزيع معدات الحقن المعقمة للحد من انتشار فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية.
- عدم الالتزام بتناول الأدوية بشكل منتظم لعلاج فيروس نقص المناعة البشرية يمكن أن يؤدي إلى مضاعفات خطيرة.
التوازن بين السوائل والكهارل
- يناط بالمساعدين الطبيين توفير السوائل للمريض، ولكن يجب على الممرض المحترف مراقبة السوائل والإشراف على الخطط العلاجية.
- ينبغي أن تكون التعليمات الخاصة بموازنة السوائل للمرضى الذين يعانون من نقص حجم السوائل واضحة بين الفرق الطبية.
آثار الجفاف
- يجب تذكير المرضى بعدم استخدام الغسولات الفموية التجارية التي تحتوي على الكحول.
- تشمل مسؤوليات المساعدين الصحيين العناية بالفم ومراقبة الأنسجة المخاطية للمريض.
نقاط تهتم بالسلامة
- ينبغي اتباع تدابير السلامة مثل تجنب الأدوية التي تسبب مضاعفات أثناء العلاج.
- المراقبة الدقيقة لعوامل الضغط الدموية ومستويات السكر في الدم أمر حيوي للمحافظة على سلامة المريض.### تعيين الأولويات في الرعاية الصحية
- يعتبر وجود صوت صرير رطب ثنائي الجانب مؤشرًا على وجود سوائل في الرئتين، مما يتطلب إعطاء الفurosemide (Lasix) لتحريك السوائل.
- انخفاض مستويات البوتاسيوم (hypokalemia) يمكن أن يظهر من خلال تغيرات على تخطيط القلب، لذا يجب التحقق من مستوى البوتاسيوم عند رؤية موجات U بارزة.
- في حالة الاشتباه في متلازمة الالتهاب التنفسي الحاد (SARS)، ينبغي وضع المريض في عزل هوائي واحتياطات ملامسة لحماية الآخرين في المستشفى.
- عند التعامل مع إنفلونزا الطيور، يجب أن يكون الهدف الرئيسي هو البدء في العلاج بالأكسجين بسبب خطر تدهور التنفس.
- عند التعامل مع الحاجز الهوائي والحفاظ على النظافة، ينبغي اتباع الترتيب الصحيح عند إزالة معدات الحماية الشخصية لتجنب انتقال الجراثيم.
- كإجراء احترازي، يجب ارتداء قناع N95، وواقي، وقبعة أثناء تقييم مريض به قوباء ممنعية (herpes zoster).
- يعتبر الفحص للتأكد من قوباء الأطفال الجويين خطرًا لأنه يُنقل عبر الهواء بسرعة وينبغي عزل الطفل على الفور.
- لتحقيق أفضل نتائج للرعاية في حالة الطوارئ، يجب على المتمرسين في الرعاية الصحية التعامل مع بيانات الرعاية بدقة، بما في ذلك وضع الأقطاب الكهربائية وكشف تخطيط القلب.
- خلال اختبار الجهد على جهاز المشي، أي ألم في الصدر يعتبر علامة تحذيرية تتطلب التوقف الفوري.
- من المهم التواصل مع مقدمي الرعاية الصحية عند وجود سعال مستمر كعرض جانبي نتيجة للدواء (مثل enalapril) واعتباره خَطيرًا.
الوقاية والمراقبة
- تعتبر تحاليل تروپونين (Troponin) من المؤشرات الحيوية المحورية لتحديد إصابات القلب، حيث ترتفع مستوياتها بعد بدء المتلازمة التاجية الحادة.
- قراءة مستوى خلايا الدم البيضاء المرتفعة تشير عادةً إلى الحاجة لتأجيل أي إجراءات جراحية لتجنب العدوى.
- في حالة نزيف الأنف الأمامي، من الضروري الحفاظ على احتياطات معينة مثل الضغط على الأنف، والتوجيه الصحيح للمريض لتفادي المشاكل الإضافية.
- التأكد من أدلة دعم الحياة وتغطية العوامل الوراثية التالية في تقليل مخاطر القلب والأوعية الدموية مثل الإقلاع عن التدخين له تأثير كبير على صحة المريض.
توعية المريض
- التعليم حول التدخين والآثار السلبية على صحة القلب يعد جزءًا لا يتجزأ من خطة علاجية شاملة، خاصة للمصابين بتاريخ عائلي قوي لأمراض القلب.
- ينبغي الموازنة بين الأنشطة البدنية والراحة للمساعدة في الحفاظ على مستوى ضغط دم صحي، مع التركيز على الأنماط الصحية المعيشية كجزء من الخطة الموجهة للعناية بالمريض.### معلومات حول تقديم الرعاية الصحية
- يجب استخدام محلول ملحي عادي لتجهيز خط الوريد عند نقل خلايا الدم الحمراء المعبأة (PRBCs) لتجنب انحلال كريات الدم الحمراء.
- تأخير بدء نقل PRBCs لمدة 20 دقيقة قد يكون مقبولاً، لكن من الأفضل بدء النقل في أسرع وقت ممكن.
- يُفضل استخدام قسطرة وريدية كبيرة لنقل الدم، ولكن يمكن استخدام قسطرة أصغر مع تخفيف خلايا الدم الحمراء بمحلول ملحي.
إدارة الأزمات في حالات الطوارئ
- يحظى إعطاء الأكسجين بنسبة 100% باستخدام قناع غير قابل للتنفس بالأولوية في أزمة تكسر كريات الدم الحمراء عند مرضى فقر الدم المنجلي.
- التحكم في الألم والتروية أيضاً إجراءات هامة يجب تنفيذها بسرعة، بينما يجب تأجيل اللقاحات للقيم المستقبلية.
تفويض المهام في الرعاية الصحية
- يمكن للمساعدين غير المرخصين (UAP) جمع عينات البراز لاختبار الدم الخفي، حيث تعد هذه المهمة ضمن نطاق مهامهم.
- يجب على الطبيب الحصول على توقيع المريض على استمارة موافقة منظار القولون، وليس المساعدين.
توزيع المهام في وحدة الرعاية الصحية
- يُفضل تعيين مريض عائد من عملية منظار القولون إلى ممرض قادم من وحدة العناية بعد التخدير (PACU)، حيث إنه سيكون على دراية بمراقبة المرضى بعد التخدير.
تشخيص الألم والصداع النصفي
- يُعتبر ألم الصداع النصفي الحاد من الأولويات في الرعاية، لذا يُوصى بإعطاء العلاجات المناسبة للإدارة الفورية.
- ينصح بتعليم المرضى تجنب الأطعمة التي تحتوي على التيرامين، والابتعاد عن الأدوية التي قد تسبب انقباض الشرايين، مثل النتروجليسرين.
الإجراءات بعد نوبات التشنجات
- يمكن تفويض قياس العلامات الحيوية للمساعدين غير المرخصين بعد حدوث نوبة، بينما تتطلب التقييمات العصبية والتوثيق من قبل الممرضين.
- يجب عدم تقييد المريض أثناء النوبات، بل يجب توجيه حركته عند الحاجة.
توفير رعاية العين
- يجب على المرضى الذين يعانون من التهيج في العيون إزالة العدسات اللاصقة أولاً، لتجنب تفاقم الأعراض.
- ارتداء نظارات واقية عند ممارسة الرياضات أو العمل في ظروف خطرة يمكن أن يمنع 90% من إصابات العين.
تعليم المرضى حول الوقاية من السقوط
- يلزم توعية المرضى بارتداء الأجهزة الواقية مثل واقي الورك، وإزالة السجاد والمخاطر المحتملة في المنزل.
- تلعب التمارين دورًا مهمًا في تقوية العضلات وتقليل مخاطر السقوط.
التعامل مع مشاكل الهيكل العظمي
- يُعتبر التغير في قاعدة الجمجمة الذي يسبب المخاطر المرتبطة بالدماغ من أكثر نتائج مرض باجيت أهمية في التواصل مع الطبيب.
- تعتبر استراتيجيات مثل التمارين ومراقبة الارتفاعات في الطول والسلوكيات السلوكية جزءاً من خطة الرعاية للمرضى المصابين بهشاشة العظام.
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Description
هذا الاختبار يركز على إدارة الألم كما هو موضح في الفصل الأول من اختبارات NCLEX. سيختبر هذا الاختبار قدرتك على اتخاذ القرارات الصحيحة في سيناريوهات الألم المختلفة وضمان رعاية مرضى فعالة. ابدأ في تحسين مهاراتك في اتخاذ القرار الآن.
