Navigating the World of Nucleic Acids
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is an example of an artificial nucleic acid analogue?

  • Glycol nucleic acid
  • RNA
  • DNA
  • Peptide nucleic acid (correct)

    • What distinguishes artificial nucleic acid analogues from naturally occurring DNA or RNA?

  • The location in the cell
  • The number of nucleotides
  • Changes to the backbone of the molecules (correct)
  • The presence of proteins

    • What are the monomer components of nucleic acids?

  • Amino acids, proteins, and lipids
  • Carbohydrates, nucleotides, and enzymes
  • Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil
  • A 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (correct)

    • Which sugar is associated with RNA?

    <p>Ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sugar is associated with DNA?

    <p>Deoxyribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nucleic acids in cells?

    <p>Carrying and storing information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered nucleic acid in 1869?

    <p>Friedrich Miescher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Albrecht Kossel discover about nucleic acid in the early 1880s?

    <p>Its highly acidic properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who created the term 'nucleic acid' in 1889?

    <p>Richard Altmann</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which experiment in 1944 showed that DNA is the carrier of genetic information?

    <p>Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three universal types of RNA?

    <p>Transfer RNA, Messenger RNA, and Ribosomal RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of messenger RNA (mRNA)?

    <p>Carry genetic sequence information between DNA and ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

    <p>Read the DNA sequence and catalyze peptide bond formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many net molecules of NADH are produced from the glycolytic pathway per glucose molecule?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final product of the glycolytic pathway?

    <p>Pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is produced during glycolysis that is used to form high-energy molecules like ATP and NADH?

    <p>Pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of glycolysis pathway?

    <p>Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP) pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many reactions are catalyzed by enzymes in the glycolysis pathway?

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net yield of ATP molecules from eukaryotic aerobic respiration for each glucose molecule?

    <p>Thirty-four ATP molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference in ATP synthesis between aerobic respiration and glycolysis?

    <p>Aerobic respiration produces ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, while glycolysis produces ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme in glycolysis converts fructose-6-phosphate into fructose-1,6-bisphosphate?

    <p>Phosphofructokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme converts glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into dihydroxyacetone phosphate in glycolysis?

    <p>Triose phosphate isomerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme in glycolysis is inhibited by phosphorylation and stimulated by dephosphorylation through the action of insulin?

    <p>Phosphofructokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme phosphorylates glucose to form glucose 6-phosphate in the first step of glycolysis?

    <p>Hexokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate in glycolysis?

    <p>Glucose phosphate isomerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme catalyzes the irreversible conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-diphosphate in glycolysis?

    <p>Phosphofructokinase 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following primarily regulates glycolysis to provide ATP for the cell's needs?

    <p>Internal factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissues can remove large quantities of glucose from the blood after meals?

    <p>Liver, fat tissue, and muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can the liver do between meals, during fasting, and exercise to prevent hypoglycemia?

    <p>Release glucose into the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of external factors in regulating glycolysis?

    <p>Act primarily on the liver, fat tissue, and muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the glycolytic pathway?

    <p>Provide ATP in adequate quantities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules are generated from the electron transport chain?

    <p>30-32 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the electrochemical gradient generated by H+ ions pumped into the intermembrane space?

    <p>Proton motive force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Coenzyme Q10 in the electron transport chain?

    <p>It carries individual electrons from one complex to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the genetic information for the four complexes and the free electron carriers housed?

    <p>Both mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the inner membrane cristae in mitochondria?

    <p>Increase the surface area of the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the intermembrane space in mitochondria?

    <p>Site of hydrogen ion deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key characteristic of oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>Harnesses the reduction of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>Transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complex in the electron transport chain (ETC) is responsible for the transfer of an electron pair from NADH to ubiquinone (Q)?

    <p>Complex I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complex in the ETC is involved in both the ETC and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)?

    <p>Complex II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complex in the ETC does not pump any H+ ions into the intermembrane space?

    <p>Complex II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complex in the ETC is responsible for the reduction of cytochrome c?

    <p>Complex III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complex in the ETC is responsible for the oxidation of cytochrome c and the formation of water (H2O)?

    <p>Complex IV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which portion of the enzyme is the main catalytic site in the binding-change phenomenon?

    <p>F1 portion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the F0 portion in the binding-change phenomenon?

    <p>It forces the rotation of the F1 portion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the hydrophilic F1 portion in the binding-change phenomenon?

    <p>Cylinder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of subunits surround the gamma subunit in the F1 portion?

    <p>Alpha and beta subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of H+ ions in the binding-change phenomenon?

    <p>They travel from the F1 portion to the F0 portion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nucleic Acids

    • An artificial nucleic acid analogue is a synthetic molecule that mimics the structure and function of natural nucleic acids like DNA or RNA.
    • Artificial nucleic acid analogues are distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA by their non-natural chemical structure.
    • The monomer components of nucleic acids are nucleotides.
    • RNA is associated with the sugar ribose.
    • DNA is associated with the sugar deoxyribose.
    • Nucleic acids play a crucial role in cells by storing and transmitting genetic information.
    • Friedrich Miescher discovered nucleic acid in 1869.
    • Albrecht Kossel discovered the nucleobases found in nucleic acid in the early 1880s.
    • Richard Altmann coined the term 'nucleic acid' in 1889.
    • The Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment in 1944 showed that DNA is the carrier of genetic information.

    RNA Types and Functions

    • There are three universal types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA).
    • Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
    • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) makes up a large part of the ribosome, which is responsible for protein synthesis.

    Glycolysis

    • The glycolytic pathway produces 2 net molecules of NADH per glucose molecule.
    • The final product of the glycolytic pathway is pyruvate.
    • The molecule produced during glycolysis that is used to form high-energy molecules like ATP and NADH is pyruvate.
    • The most common type of glycolysis pathway is the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway.
    • There are 10 reactions catalyzed by enzymes in the glycolysis pathway.
    • The enzyme that converts fructose-6-phosphate into fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is phosphofructokinase-1.
    • The enzyme that converts glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into dihydroxyacetone phosphate is triosephosphate isomerase.
    • The enzyme inhibited by phosphorylation and stimulated by dephosphorylation through the action of insulin is phosphofructokinase-1.
    • The enzyme that phosphorylates glucose to form glucose 6-phosphate in the first step of glycolysis is hexokinase.
    • The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate is phosphoglucose isomerase.
    • The enzyme that catalyzes the irreversible conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-diphosphate is phosphofructokinase-1.
    • The primary regulator of glycolysis to provide ATP for the cell's needs is ATP levels.

    Cellular Regulation of Glycolysis

    • The liver and muscles can remove large quantities of glucose from the blood after meals.
    • The liver can release stored glucose (glycogen) into the bloodstream between meals, during fasting, and exercise to prevent hypoglycemia.
    • The main purpose of external factors in regulating glycolysis is to ensure that ATP levels are maintained to meet the cell's needs.

    Mitochondria and Oxidative Phosphorylation

    • The final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation is oxygen.
    • The electron transport chain generates 32-34 ATP molecules.
    • The term used to describe the electrochemical gradient generated by H+ ions pumped into the intermembrane space is the proton motive force.
    • Coenzyme Q10 plays a crucial role in the electron transport chain by transferring electrons from Complex I to Complex III.
    • The genetic information for the four complexes and the free electron carriers is housed in the mitochondrial DNA.
    • The inner membrane cristae in mitochondria increase the surface area for oxidative phosphorylation.
    • The intermembrane space in mitochondria is where protons accumulate to create the proton motive force.
    • A key characteristic of oxidative phosphorylation is the coupling of the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis.

    Electron Transport Chain

    • Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) is responsible for the transfer of an electron pair from NADH to ubiquinone (Q).
    • Complex II (Succinate dehydrogenase) is involved in both the electron transport chain and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA).
    • Complex IV (Cytochrome c oxidase) is responsible for the reduction of cytochrome c and the formation of water (H2O).
    • The F1 portion of the enzyme has a hydrophilic, globular shape and is the main catalytic site in the binding-change phenomenon.
    • The F0 portion of the enzyme is involved in the binding-change phenomenon by generating torque.
    • The gamma subunit is surrounded by alpha and beta subunits in the F1 portion.
    • H+ ions play a crucial role in the binding-change phenomenon by driving the rotation of the stalk and the gamma subunit.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the diverse structures and properties of nucleic acid molecules in this informative quiz. Explore the intricacies of single-stranded RNA and DNA, their three-dimensional structures, base-paired sequences, and tertiary interactions. Challenge yourself to understand the unique characteristics of these unbranched molecules.

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