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Biology Chapter 6: Nucleic Acids Flashcards
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Biology Chapter 6: Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What are the polymers of nucleic acids?

  • Nucleotides (correct)
  • Amino acids
  • Fatty acids
  • Monosaccharides

    • What three parts do the monomers of nucleic acids consist of?

    Phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

    What provides directions for its own replication and directs cell activities?

    DNA

    What does a gene provide directions to build?

    <p>RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the repeating backbone of a polynucleotide?

    <p>Sugar-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of DNA?

    <p>Double-helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RNA usually consists of how many strands?

    <p>Single</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many kinds of DNA nucleotides are there?

    <p>A, T, C, G</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parts of DNA nucleotides are always the same? Which part changes?

    <p>Sugar and Phosphate groups; Base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During DNA replication, each new DNA molecule contains one strand from the _____ DNA molecule and one _____ strand.

    <p>Original; Newly synthesized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is DNA replication described?

    <p>Semi-conservative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

    <p>DNA: AGCT, double stranded, deoxyribose; RNA: AGCU, single stranded, and ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during transcription?

    <p>RNA nucleotides line up with their complementary DNA partners, transcribing the information in DNA into RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does mRNA do?

    <p>Moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm following RNA processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does translation occur?

    <p>At the ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are involved in translation?

    <p>Ribosomes, Anticodon, tRNA, and Amino Acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during RNA processing?

    <ol> <li>A modified guanine nucleotide is added to the beginning of the RNA strand as a cap. 2. Segments of the RNA strand that do not actually code for the protein are removed. 3. Segments of the RNA that do code for the protein are reconnected. 4. Adenine nucleotides are added to the end of the RNA strand, forming a tail.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    The central dogma follows the flow of information from?

    <p>DNA to protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The key process for information storage and transfer to offspring cells is?

    <p>DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do tRNA molecules do?

    <p>Translate mRNA to produce a specific amino acid sequence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does a gene NOT constantly churn out the same protein at all times in every cell?

    <ol> <li>mRNA processing can allow one gene to produce several different proteins. 2. Genes are constantly being turned on and off through the process of gene regulation.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    MicroRNA molecules can bind to mRNA transcripts, preventing them from producing proteins.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mutation is the LEAST likely to result in harmful changes to cells?

    <p>Silent mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a nonsense mutation do?

    <p>It changes an amino acid codon to a stop codon, which can result in the production of a shorter protein product, almost always defective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a lump of abnormal cells that remains at its original site called?

    <p>Benign tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an abnormally growing mass of cells that is actively spreading through the body called?

    <p>Malignant tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the spread of cancer cells from their site of origin to other sites in the body called?

    <p>Metastasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An individual with a malignant tumor is said to have?

    <p>Cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a transgenic organism?

    <p>A bacterium with a human gene for producing insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cuts DNA at specific nucleotide sequences?

    <p>Restriction enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of accurately amplifying a sample of DNA is called?

    <p>The polymerase chain reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does gel electrophoresis separate pieces of DNA based on?

    <p>Size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following to their corresponding terms:

    <p>Supplemental appendix = Plasmid Fluorescent nucleotide probe = Visualizing gene location Primers = Set endpoints for PCR PCR = Copying small DNA regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percent of the human genome encodes for proteins?

    <p>1.5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nucleic Acids

    • Nucleic acids are polymers made up of nucleotides.
    • Nucleotides consist of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

    DNA and RNA

    • DNA provides instructions for its own replication and directs cellular activities, including protein synthesis.
    • RNA is produced from genes and is responsible for conveying genetic instructions into the amino acid sequence of proteins.
    • DNA has a double-helix structure with complementary base pairs: cytosine pairs with guanine, and adenine pairs with thymine.
    • RNA usually exists as a single polynucleotide strand.

    DNA Nucleotides

    • There are four types of DNA nucleotides: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
    • The sugar and phosphate groups in DNA nucleotides remain constant; however, the nitrogenous base varies.

    DNA Replication

    • Each daughter DNA molecule in replication contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.
    • DNA replication is characterized as semi-conservative.

    Differences Between DNA and RNA

    • DNA nucleotides comprise AGCT, are double-stranded, and use deoxyribose sugar.
    • RNA nucleotides contain AGCU, are single-stranded, and use ribose sugar.

    Transcription and Translation

    • During transcription, RNA nucleotides align with complementary DNA strands, resulting in RNA synthesis.
    • mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm after processing.
    • Translation occurs at ribosomes in the cytoplasm and involves ribosomes, tRNA, anticodons, and amino acids.

    RNA Processing

    • RNA processing adds a modified guanine cap, removes non-coding segments, reconnects coding segments, and adds adenine tails.

    Central Dogma and Gene Regulation

    • The central dogma illustrates the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein.
    • DNA replication is crucial for information storage and transmission to offspring cells.
    • tRNA translates mRNA into specific amino acid sequences, varying protein production through gene regulation and mRNA processing.

    Mutations and Tumors

    • MicroRNA can inhibit mRNA, preventing protein synthesis.
    • Silent mutations are least likely to disrupt cellular function, while nonsense mutations create prematurely truncated proteins, typically defective.
    • Benign tumors are abnormal cell growths that remain localized, while malignant tumors spread throughout the body.
    • Metastasis refers to the movement of cancer cells from their original site to other body parts.

    Biotechnology

    • A transgenic organism contains genes from another species, like bacteria engineered to produce human insulin.
    • Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sites, while the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifies DNA samples.
    • Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments based on size.

    Genetic Probes and Primers

    • Fluorescent nucleotide probes visualize specific gene locations on chromosomes.
    • Primers define the boundaries for DNA portions copied in PCR.

    Human Genome

    • Only 1.5% of the human genome is responsible for encoding proteins, emphasizing the complexity and regulation of gene expression.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on nucleic acids with these flashcards based on Chapter 6. The quiz covers essential concepts such as the components of nucleotides, the structure of DNA, and the role of genes in protein synthesis. Perfect for reinforcing key terms and definitions in molecular biology.

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