Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of the natural history of disease?
Which of the following is NOT a possible outcome of the natural history of disease?
What is the stage of disease that follows exposure to the causal agent, but is before symptoms are apparent?
What is the term for the process of disease progression from exposure to resolution?
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Which stage of the natural history of disease is associated with signs and symptoms?
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What precedes exposure to the causal agent in the natural history of disease?
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Which of the following factors is NOT a prime message of public health?
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What is the primary goal of primordial prevention?
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What occurs after the exposure to an infectious agent in the natural history of disease?
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What is the stage at which primary prevention measures are undertaken?
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What is the main intervention in primordial prevention?
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In the context of HIV, what can be said about the latent period?
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What is the main goal of health promotion in primary prevention?
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What is the stage where the individual is no longer infectious?
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In the case of Malaria, what is the relationship between the latent period and the incubation period?
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What is the focus of public health, according to the definition of disease prevention?
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What is the term for the period between exposure and the onset of symptoms?
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What is the definition of disease prevention?
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What is a characteristic of chronic diseases that makes primordial prevention particularly useful?
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What is the BEINGS model used for?
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What occurs during the incubation period?
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What is the last stage in the natural history of disease?
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What distinguishes the latent period from the incubation period in infectious diseases?
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During which phase is a patient most likely to seek medical care for their symptoms?
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What happens to a host during the non-infectious period?
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Which sequence correctly reflects the order of disease progression from exposure to treatment?
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What is the primary consequence if medical care is not sought during the clinical phase?
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In the case of chicken pox, which statement correctly describes the relationship between the latent and incubation periods?
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What defines the period when a host can infect another susceptible host?
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Which outcomes are possible following the treatment stage in the natural history of disease?
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What is the primary objective of primary prevention?
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Which of the following is a method of secondary prevention?
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Which population is primarily targeted by secondary prevention efforts?
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Which of the following examples illustrates specific protection in public health?
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What is the intended outcome of screening as a secondary prevention method?
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Which of the following best describes the methods utilized in primary prevention?
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Which health measure serves both primary and secondary prevention roles?
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What is the ultimate goal of both primary and secondary prevention strategies?
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Study Notes
Natural History of Disease
- The progress of a disease in an individual over time, in the absence of medical intervention.
- The process begins with exposure or accumulation of factors capable of causing disease.
- Without medical intervention, the process ends with:
- Recovery (Cure)
- Control
- Disability
- Death
- This is called prognosis of disease.
Four Stages of the Natural History of Disease
- Susceptibility: precedes exposure to the causal agent.
- Subclinical (preclinical) disease: the stage of disease that follows exposure to the agent but is before symptoms are apparent (incubation period).
- Clinical disease: the stage of disease associated with signs and symptoms.
- Recovery, disability, or death: the stage at which disease resolution occurs.
Examples of Natural History of Disease
- Chicken pox:
- Latent period is shorter than the incubation period.
- A child with chicken pox becomes infectious to others before developing symptoms.
- HIV (AIDS):
- Latent period is relatively short.
- Infectious period occurs (many years) before the onset of symptoms.
- Malaria:
- Latent period is around 10 days longer than the incubation period.
- Early treatment of symptoms could have an important effect on transmission.
Risk Factors for Disease
- BEINGS Model:
- Biological factors
- Behavioral factors
- Environmental factors
- Immunological factors
- Nutritional factors
- Genetics factors
- Services, Social factors, and spiritual factors
Prevention of Disease
- Definition: “Prevention is the action aimed at eradicating, eliminating or minimizing the impact of disease and disability.”
- Classification of prevention:
- Primordial prevention
- Primary prevention
- Secondary prevention
- Tertiary prevention
Primordial Prevention
- Prevention of development of risk factors in a population group, which they have not yet appeared.
- Particularly useful for chronic diseases.
- Examples:
- Discouraging children from adopting harmful lifestyles.
- Individual and mass education.
Primary Prevention
- Preventative measures that occur during the stage of susceptibility.
- Intent to reduce new occurrences of disease.
- Involves two sub-steps:
- Health promotion: steps undertaken to improve the level of general health and well-being.
- Specific protection: measures to prevent the initiation of specific diseases or a group of diseases.
Secondary Prevention
- Preventive measures that occur during the stage of subclinical disease.
- Intended to delay the onset of disease or reduce its duration or severity.
- Examples:
- Screening for disease (e.g. breast cancer using mammography).
- Medical examinations of school children or industrial workers.
Tertiary Prevention (not mentioned in the text)
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Description
This quiz covers the concept of natural history of disease, its progress over time without medical intervention, and levels of prevention in the context of community medicine.
