Natural Disasters: Tsunamis and Volcanoes
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of tsunamis?

  • Climate change
  • Volcanic eruptions
  • Underwater earthquakes (correct)
  • Hurricanes

    • Which sphere of Earth consists of all solid lands in the crust and is considered abiotic?

  • Biosphere
  • Hydrosphere
  • Atmosphere
  • Geosphere (correct)

    • What is the composition of water in Earth's hydrosphere?

  • Two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom (correct)
  • One oxygen atom and two nitrogen atoms
  • Two hydrogen atoms and one nitrogen atom
  • Two oxygen atoms and one hydrogen atom

    • Which layer of the Earth is described as brittle, composed of many rocks, metals, and minerals?

    <p>Crust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes earthquakes, volcanoes, and other seismic activity in the Earth's crust?

    <p>Convection current in the mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sphere of Earth contains all the water found on Earth and includes rivers, streams, and oceans?

    <p>Hydrosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered the only sphere that comprises living organisms on Earth?

    <p>Biosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the formation of Earth's layers?

    <p>Gravity pulling dense material to the center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the Earth's crust?

    <p>Overall granitic composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of Earth is responsible for creating the magnetic field?

    <p>Outer core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of waves are P waves?

    <p>Compressional or longitudinal waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist first proposed the theory of Pangaea?

    <p>Alfred Wegener</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept describes the movement of Earth's tectonic plates?

    <p>Plate tectonics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the movement of tectonic plates according to plate tectonics theory?

    <p>Convection currents from the Earth's core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of evidence do geologists use to study Earth's interior directly?

    <p>'Rock samples' evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Whole earth' is the meaning of which term?

    <p>'Pangaea'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Drifting' refers to what process according to the text?

    <p>'Continental movement'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical point on a phase diagram?

    <p>The point where a liquid and vapor are indistinguishable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during a combination reaction?

    <p>Two or more reactants combine to form a single product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction involves swapping ions between two ionic compounds?

    <p>Double-replacement reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subatomic particle has a positive charge?

    <p>Proton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atomic number of an element based on?

    <p>The number of protons in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the mass number of an atom depend on?

    <p>Whether it's an isotope or not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gives scientists clues about the Earth's interior and how earthquakes are caused?

    <p>Earthquakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'During a chemical reaction, matter (atoms) is neither created nor destroyed.' This statement relates to which law of chemistry?

    <p><strong>Conservation of Mass</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Atoms are simply rearranged to create something different.' This statement emphasizes the law of:

    <p><strong>Definite Proportions</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which state of matter has low energy, high density, definite volume, and definite shape?

    <p>Solid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when a gas/vapor loses energy or gains pressure to move to a liquid state?

    <p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which state of matter does matter have high energy, low density, indefinite volume, and indefinite shape?

    <p>Gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of changing from a liquid to a vapor?

    <p>Evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase change involves skipping the liquid state and directly changing from a solid to a gas?

    <p>Sublimation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase change does gas transition to a solid without becoming a liquid first?

    <p>Deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase change involves going from a solid to a liquid?

    <p>Melting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes a plasma from other states of matter?

    <p>Indefinite shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase change involves gas transitioning directly to a solid without becoming a liquid first?

    <p>Deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the process of ionization?

    <p>Gas changes to ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase change does a gas or vapor lose energy to transition to a liquid state?

    <p>Evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that drives phase changes in matter?

    <p>Pressure and energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of matter has high energy, low density, indefinite volume, and indefinite shape?

    <p>Gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sublimation in terms of phase change?

    <p>Solid to gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the characteristic of having moderate energy and moderate density in matter?

    <p>Liquid state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase change does a gas transition back into a solid skipping the liquid state?

    <p>Deposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the characteristic of low energy, high density, definite volume, and definite shape in matter?

    <p>Solid state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the biosphere?

    <p>Maintain the climate on Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sphere of Earth contains every molecule of water found on Earth?

    <p>Hydrosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>All air on Earth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mantle composed of?

    <p>Molten rock and minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the Earth's core is liquid iron at extremely high temperatures?

    <p>Outer core</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connects rooted plants to all four spheres to thrive?

    <p>Root systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do volcanoes provide a glimpse of the Earth's interior?

    <p>By emitting lava and detritus during an eruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during a double-replacement reaction?

    <p>Two ionic compounds swap ions to form different substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reaction always involves a pure substance and an ionic compound as reactants?

    <p>Single-replacement reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical point on a phase diagram?

    <p>The point where vapor and liquid are indistinguishable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when a system reaches a certain temperature and pressure where all three phases can coexist together?

    <p>Triple point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subatomic particle has no charge and a weight of 1 amu in the nucleus of an atom?

    <p>Neutron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between an exothermic and endothermic reaction?

    <p>Exothermic releases energy, endothermic absorbs energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the atomic number of an element represent?

    <p>Number of protons in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main composition of the Earth's crust?

    <p>Granitic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the Earth is responsible for the movement of tectonic plates?

    <p>Mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of Earth's outer core?

    <p>Iron and nickel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of seismic waves are capable of moving through both solid and liquid materials?

    <p>P waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the movement of tectonic plates according to plate tectonics theory?

    <p>Convection currents in the mantle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientist proposed the theory of Pangaea and continental drift?

    <p>Alfred Wegener</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What data did Alfred Wegener use to support his theory of continental drift?

    <p>Shape of coastlines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Tsunamis

    • Primary Cause: Large earthquakes beneath the ocean floor.

    Earth's Spheres

    • Geosphere: All solid lands in the crust, considered abiotic.
    • Hydrosphere: Consists of all the water on Earth, including rivers, streams, and oceans.
    • Biosphere: Contains all living organisms on Earth.

    Earth's Layers

    • Crust: Brittle layer composed of rocks, metals, and minerals.
    • Mantle: Composed primarily of silicate minerals.
    • Outer Core: Liquid iron at extremely high temperatures.
    • Inner Core: Solid iron and nickel.

    Earthquakes and Seismic Activity

    • Cause: Movement of tectonic plates along fault lines.

    Earth's Composition

    • Crust: Mostly composed of oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium.
    • Atmosphere: Composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and carbon dioxide.

    Earth's Magnetic Field

    • Source: The movement of molten iron in the Earth's outer core.

    Seismic Waves

    • P Waves: Are compressional waves that can travel through both solids and liquids.

    Plate Tectonics

    • Theory: Explains the movement of Earth's tectonic plates.
    • Driving Force: Convection currents in the mantle.
    • Evidence: Geological features like seafloor spreading, magnetic striping, and earthquake patterns.

    Continental Drift

    • Theory: Proposed by Alfred Wegener.
    • Evidence: Matching coastlines, fossil distributions, and geological formations across continents.

    Chemical Reactions

    • Combination Reactions: Two or more reactants combine to form a single product.
    • Double-Replacement Reactions: Two ionic compounds swap ions to form two new compounds.

    Atoms and Elements

    • Atomic Number: Represents the number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
    • Mass Number: Determined by the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.

    States of Matter

    • Solid: Low energy, high density, definite volume, and definite shape.
    • Liquid: Moderate energy, moderate density, definite volume, and indefinite shape.
    • Gas: High energy, low density, indefinite volume, and indefinite shape.
    • Plasma: Ionized gas with unique properties.

    Phase Changes

    • Condensation: Gas or vapor to liquid.
    • Evaporation: Liquid to vapor.
    • Sublimation: Solid to gas.
    • Deposition: Gas to solid.
    • Melting: Solid to liquid.
    • Freezing: Liquid to solid.

    Key Concepts

    • Critical Point: The point on a phase diagram where a substance can exist in all three states simultaneously.
    • Phase Change: Transition between the states of matter.
    • Ionization: The process of forming ions by gaining or losing electrons.

    Earth's Interconnectedness

    • Biosphere and Other Spheres: Rooted plants connect the biosphere to the geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere for survival.

    Volcanoes and Earth's Interior

    • Volcanoes: Offer a glimpse of the Earth's interior through molten rock (magma) eruptions.

    Key Laws of Chemistry

    • Law of Conservation of Mass: Matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
    • Law of Definite Proportions: A given chemical compound always contains the same elements in the same proportion by mass.

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    Description

    Explore the causes and impact of tsunamis caused by underwater earthquakes, and understand how volcanoes are formed by mantle plumes pushing through the Earth's crust. Learn about the destructive forces of nature with this quiz.

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