Volcanoes and Tsunamis: Singapore's Risks
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Questions and Answers

What significant event took place at Anak Krakatoa in 2018?

  • Its crater partially collapsed, triggering a tsunami. (correct)
  • It formed a new island in the Java Sea.
  • It was studied and deemed inactive.
  • It erupted without any previous warning.
  • Which seamount is noted for having a 7km-wide caldera that indicates a violent eruption in its past?

  • Tonga Volcano
  • Anak Krakatoa
  • Mount Pinatubo
  • KW-23612 (correct)
  • What potential hazard could arise from eruptions of large volcanoes like KW-23612?

  • Formation of new land masses without any further risks.
  • Spreading of volcanic ash only in the immediate vicinity.
  • Powerful tsunami waves affecting distant countries. (correct)
  • Complete disappearance of the volcano from sight.
  • How wide is the caldera of KW-23612 compared to the calderas of Tonga volcano and Mount Pinatubo?

    <p>It is about twice as wide as both.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of KW-23612's caldera is notable aside from its size?

    <p>It has a shallow summit just 200m below the sea surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which countries might be affected by tsunami waves resulting from an eruption of KW-23612?

    <p>Countries around the South China Sea, including Malaysia and Singapore.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What natural disaster can occur if an underwater volcano in the South China Sea erupts?

    <p>Tsunami waves reaching Singapore’s coastlines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon occurred in Singapore as a result of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption?

    <p>A layer of ash covering the area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact can volcanic eruptions have on undersea communications?

    <p>They can damage undersea cables causing outages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the magnitude of the 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai eruption compared to the Hiroshima atomic bomb?

    <p>Hundreds of times more powerful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Dr. Andrea Verolino and his team conduct research on?

    <p>The mapping of ancient submerged seamounts and volcanoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following locations was not mentioned as being affected by the tsunamis from the Hunga Tonga eruption?

    <p>Australia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical effect can erupting underwater volcanoes have on coastal ecosystems?

    <p>Pollution from volcanic ash and debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of tsunamis generated by volcanic eruptions?

    <p>Evacuations due to danger to human life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Volcanic Risks for Singapore

    • Singapore was previously thought to be shielded from volcanic eruptions and tsunamis but recent research indicates vulnerabilities.
    • There are 466 lesser-known undersea volcanoes in the region that could affect Singapore.
    • A large underwater volcano in the South China Sea could create tsunami waves that reach Singapore's coasts.

    Impact of Volcanic Eruptions

    • Volcanic ash could blanket Singapore, similar to the ash fallout from the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, which covered cars and homes in ash.
    • Undersea volcanic activity can damage vital subsea cables, leading to internet outages and disruption of financial transactions, impacting Singapore significantly.

    Historical Context

    • The 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai eruption was hundreds of times more powerful than the Hiroshima atomic bomb, causing far-reaching tsunamis and displacement of people.
    • In Peru, the Tongan tsunami caused an oil spill from a tanker, highlighting how volcanic events can have global effects.

    Research Findings

    • Dr. Andrea Verolino and colleagues from NTU’s Earth Observatory of Singapore (EOS) mapped 466 submerged seamounts and volcanic islands, discovering that many are ancient and previously overlooked.
    • Notable seamounts, like Anak Krakatoa, have caused significant tsunamis in the past, emphasizing the need for ongoing monitoring.

    Specific Threats

    • KW-23612, a dormant volcano in the South China Sea, has a 7km-wide caldera, indicating a history of explosive eruptions.
    • The caldera is nearly twice as wide as those of notable volcanoes like Tonga and Mount Pinatubo, suggesting potential for powerful eruptions.
    • Its shallow summit, just 200m below sea level, poses a significant risk for creating tsunamis that could impact Singapore and nearby countries.

    Future Research

    • Ongoing research aims to understand the historical activity of these seamounts to assess potential future threats.
    • While such volcanic events are rare, the findings urge consideration of disaster preparedness and mitigation strategies in Singapore.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the potential threats of undersea volcanic eruptions and tsunamis to Singapore. Delve into the research that identifies lesser-known volcanoes and their possible impact on the island state. Understand how these natural events can affect the coastal city and its environment.

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