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Questions and Answers
What is a common condition caused by Vitamin C deficiency?
What is a common condition caused by Vitamin C deficiency?
Which mineral is crucial for the formation of hemoglobin?
Which mineral is crucial for the formation of hemoglobin?
Which group of vitamins requires fat for proper absorption?
Which group of vitamins requires fat for proper absorption?
What is the primary consequence of not consuming enough Vitamin D?
What is the primary consequence of not consuming enough Vitamin D?
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What major role does sodium play in the body?
What major role does sodium play in the body?
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Which mineral is NOT considered a trace mineral?
Which mineral is NOT considered a trace mineral?
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What is the main function of water in the body?
What is the main function of water in the body?
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What distinguishes vitamins from minerals?
What distinguishes vitamins from minerals?
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Which group of vitamins is characterized by their solubility in water?
Which group of vitamins is characterized by their solubility in water?
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What type of malnutrition is characterized by a lack of sufficient nutrients and regular access to nutritious food?
What type of malnutrition is characterized by a lack of sufficient nutrients and regular access to nutritious food?
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Which mineral is NOT classified as a trace mineral?
Which mineral is NOT classified as a trace mineral?
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Which of the following represents a consequence of vitamin A deficiency?
Which of the following represents a consequence of vitamin A deficiency?
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Which function of water is NOT essential to human health?
Which function of water is NOT essential to human health?
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Which demographic is particularly affected by the double burden of malnutrition?
Which demographic is particularly affected by the double burden of malnutrition?
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What is the main characteristic of fat-soluble vitamins?
What is the main characteristic of fat-soluble vitamins?
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Which of the following is NOT a major type of mineral?
Which of the following is NOT a major type of mineral?
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What is a major characteristic of micronutrient deficiencies in populations experiencing both undernutrition and overconsumption?
What is a major characteristic of micronutrient deficiencies in populations experiencing both undernutrition and overconsumption?
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Which of the following vitamins is classified as fat-soluble?
Which of the following vitamins is classified as fat-soluble?
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What is the primary difference between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins?
What is the primary difference between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins?
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Which of the following is a common effect of Vitamin A deficiency on global health?
Which of the following is a common effect of Vitamin A deficiency on global health?
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What can result from consuming a diet high in calories but deficient in micronutrients?
What can result from consuming a diet high in calories but deficient in micronutrients?
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Which of the following best describes the nutritional challenge faced by many wealthy populations today?
Which of the following best describes the nutritional challenge faced by many wealthy populations today?
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Which of the following vitamins is NOT fat-soluble?
Which of the following vitamins is NOT fat-soluble?
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How does overconsumption affect micronutrient absorption?
How does overconsumption affect micronutrient absorption?
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Which of the following is true regarding the impact of undernutrition?
Which of the following is true regarding the impact of undernutrition?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course name: NATS1560: Understanding Food Micronutrients and Water
- Instructor: Angela Cope
- Contact: [email protected]
Learning Objectives
- Define micronutrients and distinguish between vitamins and minerals
- Identify different types of vitamins and minerals, and survey their functions and food sources (water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins, major minerals, electrolytes, and trace minerals)
- Define micronutrient deficiencies and identify major examples
- Define malnutrition (undernutrition and overconsumption) and relate it to micronutrient deficiencies
- Describe water's functions in the human body
- Define solutions and the pH (acid-base) scale
Micronutrients
- Nutrients needed in small amounts (milligrams or micrograms)
- Naturally found in a diet rich in whole foods (fruits and vegetables)
- Essential for bodily functions but do not provide energy
- Two main types: Vitamins and Minerals
Vitamins
- Organic compounds produced by plants and animals
- Classified as water-soluble or fat-soluble
- Fat-soluble vitamins (stored in liver and fat tissues): A, D, E, and K
- Water-soluble vitamins (travel freely in bloodstream, excess excreted): B complex (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folate, cobalamin) and Vitamin C
Micronutrient Deficiencies
- A form of malnutrition
- Deficiencies can result from both undernutrition and overconsumption
The Double Burden of Malnutrition
- Between 720 and 811 million people faced hunger in 2020 (9-10% of the world population)
- An estimated 2.37 billion people lacked regular access to safe, nutritious, and sufficient food in 2020 (1 in 3)
- 41 million children under 5 and 1.9 billion adults were overweight or obese in 2016
- Overfed and underfed people can both suffer from micronutrient deficiencies
Test Practice (Question and Answer)
-
Question 1: Many people today have diets that provide too many calories but not enough energy. Which term best fills the blank?
- Answer: c. micronutrients
-
Question 2: Today, the poor suffer from undernutrition, while the rich suffer from overconsumption.
- Answer: a. True
-
Question 3: If you eat too much fresh fruit you may overdose in vitamin C.
- Answer: b. False (but taking high doses of vitamin C supplements, not just from fresh fruit) can be dangerous)
-
Question 4: Excessive amounts of vitamin D supplements are toxic.
- Answer: a. True
Vitamin A Deficiency (VAD)
- Affects 250 million undernourished children and adults
- Causes blindness, infections, and infant mortality
- WHO is working to reduce it through supplementation and fortification of staple foods (flour, milk, oil, sugar)
Vitamin D
- Steroid hormone synthesized by the skin with sunlight
- Ability to synthesize depends on skin tone and decreases with age
- Sources: salmon, shrimp, sardines, egg yolks, fortified milk
- Needed for: calcium absorption for bones, teeth, and functioning of heart, muscles, and immune system
- Deficiency in children causes rickets
Vitamin E
- Antioxidant, especially for lungs and blood cells
- Present in many foods
- Deficiency is rare
Vitamin K
- Produced by gut bacteria
- Found in green vegetables, soybeans, and canola
- Necessary for blood clotting and bone formation (along with Vitamin D)
- Deficiency is rare (newborns, some medical conditions, antibiotics)
Vitamin C
- Ascorbic acid (anti-scurvy vitamin)
- Antioxidant, maintains collagen, protects against infections, and aids in iron absorption
- Found in fresh fruit and vegetables
- Deficiency causes scurvy
B Vitamins
- Coenzymes
- Found in beans, whole grains, potatoes, and asparagus
- B12 mostly only in animals (nutritional yeast is a vegan source)
- Deficiencies can lead to beriberi, pellagra, and neural tube defects
Review Questions
- What are the fat-soluble vitamins? (A, D, E, K)
- What are the water-soluble vitamins? (B Vitamins, Vitamin C)
- How many kcal/g does Vitamin A provide? (0)
- What is the cause of beriberi? (Thiamine deficiency)
- What is the cause of scurvy? (Vitamin C deficiency)
- What is the cause of pellagra? (Niacin deficiency)
- What is the cause of neural tube defects? (Folate deficiency)
Minerals
- Major minerals: calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, chlorine (chloride), potassium
- Trace minerals: iron, zinc, iodine, selenium, fluorine (fluoride), sulfur, chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum
Important Minerals
- Calcium and phosphorus: components of bones and teeth
- Iron: component of hemoglobin
- Sodium and potassium: fluid balance, muscle and nerve function
- Chlorine (chloride): essential for metabolism
- Magnesium: essential for metabolism
- Zinc: health of skin, nervous system, immune system, reproductive system
Test Practice (Question and Answer)
- Question: Which of the following is an example of a micronutrient deficiency?
- Answer: E) All of the above (Beriberi, Scurvy, Rickets, Pellagra)
Water
- Needed for all body fluids, muscles, fat, tissues, and bones
- Solvent for many biochemical activities
- Needed for waste elimination
- Regulates body temperature
- Lubricates joints and cushions organs
Solutions, Acids, and Bases
- Solution: A mixture where molecules or ions of one substance are dissolved in a liquid.
- Water: A good solvent due to its polar molecules.
- Acid: A substance releasing H+ ions (sour taste)
- Base or alkali: A substance accepting H+ ions
Test Practice (Question and Answer)
- Question: Which of the following minerals are required for fluid balance and muscle and nerve function?
- Answer: C) Sodium and potassium
pH Scale
- Pure water is the standard of acidity
- pH: measure of acidity (H+)
Review
- What percentage of the human body is water approximately? (15%)
- What is the approximate pH of various substances? (This information is in the slide content.)
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts from the NATS1560 course, focusing on the definition of micronutrients, types of vitamins and minerals, and their functions. It also examines the impact of micronutrient deficiencies on health and the role of water in the human body. Test your knowledge on these essential nutrients and their importance in diet and nutrition.
