week 5 AI quiz

• Nationhood and nation states are linked to the political sociology of citizenship and immigration.
• Politics, cultural processes, and cultural values all impact symbols on politics.
• Sociological roots are aspects of the political power of the state and nation.
• The state and the nation manifest themselves in social life, focusing on nations as a community often taken for granted.
• Nations operate quietly because their existence is unquestioned.

Nations as Social Time

• Nations are powerful, symbolic communities.
• The idea of a nation is a source of legitimacy and political power.
• Nationalist movements and rhetoric reference nations and national identities.
• Caring about nations, national identity, and national culture is a fact of life.
• National belonging is important to individual identity.
• Passports are material objects showing state power and symbolic power of the nation.
• Passports declare national community membership and certify citizen rights.
  • Right to cross borders
  • Right to vote
  • Right to run for public office
  • Right to enjoy constitutional rights and freedoms
• A passport gives certain rights in the issuing jurisdiction, home country, or country of birth.

Introduction: The Nation as a Special Community

• The nation is a source of political power.
• Different types of nations exist.
• Scholars study nations to understand their importance.
• Nationalism poses a political or civil religious problem.
• Radical nationalists share common ground with deeply religious people.
• Believing in a nation and believing in God have overlaps.
• Nationalism is an expression of religious force in society.

Nations Taken For Granted:

• Nations are everywhere and are basic units of political analysis.
• Despite globalization eroding national identities and borders, nationalism persists, and national borders still exist.
• National belonging continues to matter.
• Membership in a national community is a condition of a "good life."
• People often ask others where they are from.
• Having an accent leads to assumptions of being foreign.
• Nationalism goes beyond holding a passport; it encompasses cultural, linguistic, or visual aspects.
• Belonging to a nation is based on non-negotiable cultural givens like ethnicity and language.

Nations and Universal Values:

• The idea that national identity won't matter and all can be citizens of the world is not realistic seemingly..
• Universal values may not matter because of differing countries.
• Liberal scholars advocate for cooperation, tolerance, mutual respect, and human rights over national focus.
• Nations are still needed.
• Cultures are based on shared values and social markers like language and historical ties.
• Religion and nationalism intertwine, as seen in Poland where being Polish is linked to being Christian Catholic.
• Younger generations are more liberal, with nominal Christian affiliation.
• Nationality and religion are linked.
• Belonging to a nation remains important, framed as a condition for a good life by philosophers.
• People need cultural community for values, ideas, and ways of life.
• Communities are required to live a good life and thrive

Collectives and National Belonging:

• Collectives can be oppressive, requiring sacrifices and curtailing freedom.
• Submitting to collective values and norms is necessary.
• Suspicion towards collectives is warranted.
• National belonging remains a key layer of identity.
• Everyone is a nationalist by taking the nation's existence for granted and valuing national belonging.
• The nation operates in the background and is noticed when threatened.
• Banal nationalism is nationalism in the background, such as the presence of national flags or passports.
• Bank notes contain images of the nation.
• Belief in nations and acting on that belief make people nationalists.

Defining Nations:

• Defining the criteria and existence of nations is important to recognize their characteristics.
• Nations are imagined communities.
• Criteria include borders, capacity to organize political government, shared perception of reality, hierarchy understanding, geographical link, and shared history.
• Territories and borders are state features, with multiple nations within one territory.
• Western European nationhood principles were exported globally through colonization and decolonization.
• Nation-states resemble one another with a government, parliament, leadership, and national identity.

Self-determination:

• Fundamental to nationhood.
• Allows for free decision-making and control over one's fate.
• Nations should not be coerced, oppressed, conquered, or enslaved.
• Social contract theory
• Limits individual freedom in exchange for community benefits, rights, and entitlements.
• Constitutions provide rights and obligations, placing a responsibility on the state to uphold the social contract.
• Thomas Hobbes's view of the social contract emphasizes the necessity of political power.

History of Nationalism and Nation Development:

• Nations develop through cultural and political paths.
• Ethnicity involves culture.
• Civic aspects involve political or social dimensions.
• Ethnic nations
• Nation based on shared culture, religion, history, and homeland
• civic nations: When nations cannot share ethnicity/culture, they share citizenship and values; citizenship is more important.
• Canada's answer to nationality: one is a Canadian citizen regardless of ethnic heritage, sharing Canadian values.
• Belgium: demonstrates two nations (Flemish and French) existing together with Belgian citizenship.
• Switzerland: four cultural/ethnic groups with a civic identity of being Swiss.
• Terminology must be used precisely, distinguishing between nation (cultural identity) and state (territorial legal entity).
• Common for problems when understanding the difference between the concept of the state than nation
• Ancestral lineage and connection is the ethnic type of nation.
• Multiculturalism, democratic institutions, and civil rights define nations; it is a political or civic type of nation.
• Individuals focus on individual rights and liberties and collectives focus on collective over individual rights. France is an example with collective civic ideals Clear cultural base which usually focuses on languages and history are factors Germany or Poland are examples

Ethnic Nationhood:

• Culturally and ethnically homogeneous
• The majority share the same heritage, language, social/political values, customs, ethnic group, heritage and traditions/religion.
• Non-negotiable membership.
• Exclusively based on birth and cultural upbringing.
• "Jus sanguinis"
  • Known as the law of blood or kinship.
  • Being related by blood is essential for belonging.
• Shared history and experiences are powerful for national sentiments.
• Foundation myths and territories are essential characteristics.
  • Some form of territory, recognized or not
  • The idea of homeland Nations: maybe have lost their homes,
  • Homeland is a key focus. • Ethnic nations are usually collectivistic (community is central), possess destiny, history, and antiquity.

Civic Nationhood:

• Developed as a community of citizens.
• Membership is based on birthright citizenship "Jus soli"- law of the land.
• A multicultural community where civic society takes priority, and the nation is based on civic laws, rights and freedoms •Civic/Political
• Nation formed through community of citizens •You belong because you are a citizen, not based on ethnicity.

Distinctions of Civic vs Ethnic nationhoods:

• Legal, political, and constitutional values unite citizens.
• Freedom to cultivate cultures and ethnicities with the same government standards.
• Individualistic civic ideals
• British citizenship shows four home nations (Scottish, English, Welsh, Irish within one state.
• Nationality - refers to the ethnically and culturally home defined nations within Britain.
• No is agreement on what a nation is.
• Social thought regarding nations: historical realities versus theoretical constructs.
• Traditionalists see nations as organically developed.
• Constructivists see nations as political claims or imagined communities.

Perspectives on Nations:

• Traditionalist/historical views nations as real, naturally developed entities with ethnic foundations.
• Nations exist independently of or without the state
• A modernist school views nation as a group of elites wanting political control (constructivist).
• Constructivists;
  • Nations are made up for power purposes rather than actual truth. Nations as political claims.
  • Nations created to help rise Nation -States.
• Industrialization, bureaucracy and schooling lead to "national values" and "identities"

Further modernist notes:

• Without economic change in industry there would be no economic change.
• Need to be able to recognize the same newspapers which create communal atmosphere through media (Anderson).
• A symbolic relationship is created among citizens of the “same” nation
• Imagines the bonds beyond their own view. Created this bond and constructed idea that they all exist as citizens.
• A civil religion. Nationalism is similar/ takes traits similarly to religion (Durkheim/ elementary forms of religious life 1912). The needs of the upkeeping for any society needs to be recognized, as this builds up its unity and personalities, the process of building and remaking its image, only occurs though a means of assemblies, and reunion that reaffirm the common sentiment

Important Details

• Robertson (1970:13 and ADE 2017/2021) states when people come together to self -worship, they are actually praising the community for being part of it
• Nations as "civil religion"
• Nations like the sacred texts and prophets and rituals.
• It too has its prophets, rituals, sacred texts
• (Vujačić 2002 in Dobratz et al 2019: 48) nationalism is a political sphere
• Popular sovereignty exists
• Greenfeld/ Eastwood both agreed and discuss; Nation effort redirect from internal to temporal ( from the worldly effect)
• Nations emphasizes on popular sovereignty, with entails equality in membership

Civil religion and radical nationalism

• Community rituals: Helps brings citizens together by worshipping what the region stands for.
• Civil religion.
• Every community comes together to worship itself and what it stands for, in order to cement the social ties that keep it together
• Organized ceremonies.
• A nation can become to the highest level of sacred
• Nations must be loyal, community which necessary must sacrifice their for
• Nationalism cannot be to re-direct the citizens opinion because its here and now
• Is more popular with political and democratic changes. Ernest Gellen is one the creator of Nationalism (Ideology). Not every nation is one because no real proof nation actually “fostered” to it

Explore Western European nationhood, focusing on self-determination: a nation's right to decide without external force. Examine the 'social contract' balancing individual freedom and communal living. Kant's view links freedom and moral action for nations and individuals.