Questions and Answers
Describe the class system in Latin American countries.
Peninsulares-top, Creoles-middle class, Mestizos and Mulattos-below middle, Native Americans/Black slaves-bottom.
What events and ideas helped bring about revolution in Latin America? (Select all that apply)
What was Simon Bolivar's role in the independence movement in the Spanish colonies?
He was a military officer (Creole) and general who led independence movements in Venezuela and Peru.
How did Brazil achieve independence?
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What term describes men who had been born in Spain and were at the top of Latin American society?
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What term is used for Spaniards born in Latin America?
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What term describes persons of mixed European and African ancestry?
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What term describes persons of mixed European and Indian ancestry?
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Who was the Venezuelan-born liberator of Spanish colonies in Latin America?
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Who was the priest who issued the grito de Dolores?
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What school of political thought in Europe sought to protect traditional monarchies?
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What school of political thought in Europe was represented by the middle class wanting educated people and landowners to vote?
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What school of political thought in Europe wanted EVERYONE to vote?
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What is defined as the belief that one should be loyal to a nation of people who share a culture and history?
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What term describes a nation with its own independent government?
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What region includes all or part of present-day Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, and the former Yugoslavia?
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Who was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte who became emperor of France in 1852?
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Who was the czar who moved Russia toward modernization and social change?
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What powerful political idea of the 1800's upset the balance of power in Europe?
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What policy involved forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian empire?
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Who was the Sardinian prime minister who worked for Italian unification?
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Who was the leader of the Red Shirts who united the southern part of Italy with the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia?
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What term describes very conservative members of Prussia's wealthy landowning class?
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Who was the prime minister under Wilhelm I?
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What term is applied to tough power politics with no room for idealism?
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What war occurred between Austria and Prussia in 1866?
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What war occurred between Prussia and France that was the final stage in German unification?
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What title was taken by King Wilhelm of Prussia during the Second Reich?
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Who led enslaved Africans in a revolt against the French that ended slavery and resulted in the new nation of Haiti?
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Who is known as another great liberator from Argentina?
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Who was another strong leader following Jose de San Martin who led a revolution for four years but was later defeated?
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What are the positives of nationalism? (Select all that apply)
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What are the negatives of nationalism? (Select all that apply)
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What does unification refer to?
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Study Notes
Latin American Class System
- Peninsulares held the highest social status, being born in Spain and occupying top positions in society.
- Creoles, Spaniards born in Latin America, formed the middle class and were often educated and wealthy.
- Mestizos (mixed European and Indian ancestry) and Mulattos (mixed European and African ancestry) comprised the below-middle class.
- Native Americans and Black slaves occupied the lowest rankings in the social hierarchy.
Events Leading to Latin American Revolutions
- The Enlightenment concepts from the French and American Revolutions inspired independence movements.
- Napoleon's invasion of Spain weakened Spanish authority, inciting unrest in the colonies.
Role of Simon Bolivar
- Simon Bolivar, a Creole military officer, played a significant role in the independence movement across Spanish colonies.
- Known as the "Liberator," he led successful campaigns in Venezuela and influenced leaders in Peru.
Brazil's Path to Independence
- Brazil achieved its independence through negotiation, with Creoles requesting autonomy from Portugal, which was granted.
Key Historical Figures
- Peninsulares: Spaniards born in Spain, dominated Latin American society.
- Creoles: Critical to independence movements, including fighters like Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin.
- Mulattos and Mestizos: Represented the mixed heritage population that contributed to social dynamics.
- Padre Miguel Hidalgo: Initiated Mexico's struggle for independence with the "Grito de Dolores."
- Louis-Napoleon: Became emperor of France, influencing European politics.
- Alexander II of Russia: Promoted modernization and social reforms.
Political Thought in Europe
- Conservatives aimed to maintain traditional monarchies and social orders.
- Liberals sought political reforms, advocating for suffrage limited to educated individuals and landowners.
- Radicals pushed for universal suffrage, demanding votes for all citizens.
Nationalism and Its Consequences
- Nationalism: A strong loyalty to cultural and historical ties, rather than monarchy or empires, drove the formation of nation-states.
- Nation-state: A political entity characterized by a defined territory and independent government.
- The Balkans: A culturally diverse region comprising several nations, strife-prone due to ethnic tensions.
Nationalism in the 19th Century
- Nationalism was a dominant political ideology that altered the European power balance.
- Russification: A policy aimed at enforcing Russian culture on various ethnic groups within the empire.
Italian Unification
- Camillo di Cavour: Sardinian prime minister known for strategic policies to unify Italy.
- Giuseppe Garibaldi led the Red Shirts, contributing significantly to the unification of southern Italy.
German Unification and Politics
- Bismarck: The chancellor who orchestrated German unification through realpolitik.
- The Seven Weeks War (1866) and the Franco-Prussian War were pivotal conflicts that solidified German unity under Prussian leadership.
Impact of Nationalism
- Positive aspects included the unification of people and the removal of colonial powers, along with advancements spurred by competition.
- Negative consequences comprised ethnic cleansing, forced assimilation, and the rise of extremist movements like Nazism.
Unification Concept
- Unification refers to the merging of politically divided but culturally similar territories into cohesive nations.
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Description
Explore key concepts of nationalism in Latin America through flashcards. Learn about the class system, events leading to revolutions, and significant figures like Simon Bolivar. This quiz helps reinforce your understanding of historical events and social structures.
