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Questions and Answers
Who was placed as king of Spain by Napoleon Bonaparte?
What was the purpose of the decree issued by the Aranjuez Junta in 1809?
When did the awareness of national community in the form of Hispanism emerge?
What was the concept embodied in the decree issued by the Aranjuez Junta?
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What was the goal of the new motherland according to the decree?
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What was the status of the former colonies in the proposed federal empire?
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What was the significance of the Cortes in the Spanish government?
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What was the outcome of the historical phenomenon on the people of the archipelago?
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What was the consequence of Napoleon's invasion of Portugal?
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What was the basis of the first stage of Philippine nationalism?
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What was the object of achieving Hispanism?
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What was the concept of 'Filipinism' based on?
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Who discriminated against the Creoles in the Philippine colonial situation?
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What was the goal of the evolving nationalism in the first two stages?
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What was the turning point in the concept of 'Filipino'?
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What were the dominant ideas that cohered with the national idea in the first two stages of nationalism?
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What was the new nation composed of according to the Constitution of Cadiz of 1812?
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What was the form of government according to the Constitution of Cadiz?
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What was stressed in the provisions of the Constitution of Cadiz?
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In what year were the elections for representatives to the Cortes held in Manila and other provinces?
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What was sworn by the representatives to the Cortes in their oath of office?
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What did the Spanish Cortes proclaim in 1810?
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What was the purpose of the Constitution of Cadiz according to Hispanism?
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What was institutionalized in 1810?
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Study Notes
Nationalism in 19th Century Manila
- Objective realities of a well-defined territory, racial commonality, political integration, religious integration, commonality in languages, etc. existed in the pre-Islamic and pre-Catholic eras, but nationalism had not taken root.
- The concept of Hispanism emerged in the 9th century, animated by an awareness of national community, triggered by Napoleon Bonaparte's invasion of Portugal and subsequent events in Europe.
- Napoleon's invasion led to the Spanish Revolution of 1807, which called on colonies, including the Philippines, to unite and defend mother Spain.
- The Decree of 1809 emphasized that old colonies were equal and integral parts of the Spanish monarchy, and thus, must send representatives to the Cortes.
- The decree of 1809 established the concept of nationalism, where former colonies would be treated as provinces at par with Spain, entitled to representation in the Cortes, and people would be Spanish citizens entitled to privileges of citizenship.
- The Constitution of Cadiz (1812) detailed the new nation as composed of united Spanish peoples all over the world, emphasizing the sovereignty and powers of government are with the people.
Hispanism and the Emergence of Nationalism
- The Spanish Cortes proclaimed in 1810 that all provinces in "America and Asia" were integral parts of the monarchy, and their peoples were equal in rights and privileges to those of the Peninsula.
- The Hispanic nationhood concept led to the formation of separate Muslim and Catholic Communities, each with distinct political and cultural institutions, social and belief systems, and separate identities based on universalism but not nationalism.
- The concept of Philippine nationalism evolved in stages, initially based on the Christian experience, with the object of achieving Spanish nationhood or Hispanism.
Stages of Nationalism
- The first stage, Hispanism, was more or less based on the Christian not Muslim experience, aiming to achieve Spanish nationhood.
- The next stage was the achievement and community consciousness associated with the concept of "Filipinism", based on the oneness of the idea of being "Filipinos" or Creoles who had experienced social, political, and religious discriminations.
- The third stage was the community of Creole-Indio identity, turning the previous concept of "Filipino" as Creole into Filipino as Indio, especially among the enlightened and upper-class Indios.
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Description
Explore the development of nationalism in Hispania, from its pre-Islamic and pre-Catholic roots to the emergence of Hispanism in the 9th century.
