Nationalism, Congress of Vienna & Napoleon

Nationalism

• Identification with and support for one's own nation.
• This is often to the exclusion or detriment of other nations.
• Extreme nationalism is the advocacy of political independence for a particular nation.

Congress of Vienna

• This was a reaction to instability and the radical changes stemming from the French Revolution.
• The goal was to establish a new political order in Europe following the Napoleonic Wars.
• Participants included committees representing Britain, Russia, Austria, Prussia, and France (the Five), as well as Spain, Sweden, and Portugal (the Eight). Key aims:
  • Restore the balance of power in Europe.
  • Prevent dominance by any single country.
  • Prevent future conflicts by redrawing territorial boundaries to create stable states.
  • Encourage conservative regimes to resist revolutionary ideas and maintain traditional monarchies.
  • This included the restoration of monarchies (Bourbon!!!).

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)

• Served as First Consul starting in 1799, military coup d'etat.
• Named Emporer starting in 1804.
• Fought in about 60 battles during the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) and only lost a handful.
• Spread the Napoleonic Code across Europe through battle.
• Created the Confederation of the Rhine (1806). Key Battles:
  • Peninsular War (1808-1814).
  • Invasion of Russia (June 1812) using scorched earth tactics.
  • Battle of Leipzig (1813).
  • Battle of Waterloo (June 1815).
• Raised an army of 600,000 men from a total conscription of 2.4 million.
• Developed the Corps System (A I C).
• Abdicated to Elba in 1814.
• Exiled to St. Helena in 1815.
• Died 32 years after Estates General was called.

Napoleonic Code (1804) - LIBERAL IDEAS

• Unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under French domination. Key Tenets:
  • Equality Before the Law & Citizenship for all classes.
  • Protection of Property Rights.
  • Rules about Family and Marriage.
  • Freedom of Religion (Catholicism official but religious freedom was permitted).
  • Clearer more consistent Legal Procedures.
  • The Creation of Schools teaching engineering, science & technology, as well as “Lycees” or High Schools.
• Awakened national pride and the growth of nationalism.

Revolutions of 1830

• France - July Revolution
  • Charles X was a conservative crowned in 1824.
  • Stripped middle class of voting rights using a pre-French Revolution structure.
  • People took to the streets and forced the abdication of the King.
  • Louis-Philippe then came to the throne in 1830.

Revolutions of 1848

• France
  • Louis Philippe maintained conservatism that the people demanded to be more liberal.
  • Louis Philippe abdicated after bread riots (1848).
  • This led to the formation of the Second French Republic.
• Germany
  • Called for unification.
  • Federeick William IV (King of Prussia) suppressed the rebellion.
  • The Frankfurt Assembly was set up to help unify German states (1848).
  • Unification ultimately failed.

Italian Unification

• Count Cavour, Prime Minister of the Piedmont region in 1852.
• Northern Italian nationalists joined Piedmont.
• Northern Italy was unified in 1859.
• Giuseppe Garibaldi joined southern Italy to northern Italy in 1861.
• His army conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
• He turned total sovereignty to Victor Emmanuel II.
• The Papal States (including Rome) became the last to join Italy in 1870.
• Thanks to the Franco-Prussian War! (1870-1871).

German Unification

• Otto von Bismarck led Prussia in the unification of Germany.
• Used both war and appeals to nationalist feelings.
• Bismarck's actions were seen as an example of Realpolitik.
• Realpolitik justified all means to achieve and hold power with no moral consideration.
• The Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) led to the creation of the German state.
• It technically caused the formal unification of Italy.

Nationalism in Central & South America

• Toussaint Louverture (1743-1803).
• A former slave who led the Haitian rebellion against the French from 1791-1804.
• He defeated the army of France.
• Enslaved Haitians rebelled, abolished slavery, and won independence.
• Simón Bolívar (1783-1830).
• A native resident who led revolutionary efforts.
• Liberated the northern areas of Latin America.
• Effects of Latin American revolutions:
  • French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies gained independence.
  • Other countries gained independence during the 1800s (Mexico, Haiti, and Brazil).

Location of the United States

• The United States is located on the continent of North America in the Western Hemisphere.
• Located between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

American Expansion (1776-1900)

• The United States expanded from the original 13 colonies to the Pacific Ocean.
• Expansion occurred through economic, political, and military means.
• The largest piece of territory was acquired through the Louisiana Purchase from France.
• The Industrial Revolution made the United States a leading world economic power beginning in the nineteenth century.
• This new status encouraged the United States to become increasingly involved in global politics from that point forward.

Monroe Doctrine

• President James Monroe outlined the doctrine in 1823.
• The United States could not interfere with European colonies in the Americas.
• Nor could European powers interfere in the Americas.
• The United States would regard any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere as a threat.
• The Monroe Doctrine reacted to the Congress of Vienna and the Independence movements of Haiti, Mexico, and South America.
• The doctrine helped establish the U.S. as a world power.

Imperialism

• An umbrella term for:
  • Colony: Territory directly controlled and governed by a foreign imperial power with the intent of exploiting resources.
  • Protectorate: A country that maintains its own sovereignty but is under the control or protection of a more powerful nation.
  • Sphere of Influence: A region or area in which a powerful country has significant cultural, economic, or military influence.

Resistance to Imperialism

• Armed Conflicts
  • Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901).
  • Haiti breaks from France.
  • Independence of Mexico, Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador.
  • Philippine-American War (1899-1902).
• Rise of Nationalism
  • First Indian National Congress.
  • Serbian nationalism.

American Imperialism

• Spanish American War (April-August 1898)
  • Destruction of the The Maine (Feb. 1898).
  • Yellow Journalism.
• Pacific Island gains
  • Guam (still US territory).
  • Puerto Rico (still US territory).
  • American Samoa (still US territory).
  • Philippines (1946).
  • Hawaii (now a state).
  • Cuba.

Berlin Conference (1884-1885)

• Regulate European colonization and trade in Africa to avoid conflicts.
• Key Participants included 14 European nations (including Britain, France, Germany, Portugal) and the U.S.
• No African nations were invited.
• The “Scramble for Africa" divided the continent into European-controlled territories, disregarding African ethnic or cultural boundaries.
• Resulted in colonial exploitation and long-term political, social, and economic issues on the continent.
• The conference contributed to the Apartheid from 1948-1994 (Nelson Mandela...African National Congress party) and the Tutsi vs. Hutu conflict in Rwanda (1994).

White Man's Burden

• "The White Man's Burden" was published in February 1899.
• Published around the start of the Philippine-American War and the U.S. Senate's ratification of a treaty placing Puerto Rico, Guam, Cuba, and the Philippines under American control.
• Some figures, including Theodore Roosevelt, interpreted the poem as justification for America's territorial acquisitions.
• Others believed that Kipling's poem failed to capture the greed behind imperialism and perpetuated the practice.