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Questions and Answers
What was one of the main measures implemented to improve urban living conditions during the second phase of industrialization?
What was one of the main measures implemented to improve urban living conditions during the second phase of industrialization?
What significant change occurred in the elementary school system in 1923?
What significant change occurred in the elementary school system in 1923?
Which of the following rights were suffragettes in Canada advocating for in the early 20th century?
Which of the following rights were suffragettes in Canada advocating for in the early 20th century?
In which year did women in Quebec gain the right to vote in elections?
In which year did women in Quebec gain the right to vote in elections?
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What was a common challenge faced by women in the labor market during the early 20th century?
What was a common challenge faced by women in the labor market during the early 20th century?
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What was one of the primary demands of unions at the beginning of the 20th century?
What was one of the primary demands of unions at the beginning of the 20th century?
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What legislative act was introduced in 1909 in Canada?
What legislative act was introduced in 1909 in Canada?
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Which organization was essential in establishing the Catholic unions in Canada?
Which organization was essential in establishing the Catholic unions in Canada?
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How did the Catholic Church respond to growing socio-economic inequalities?
How did the Catholic Church respond to growing socio-economic inequalities?
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What percentage of income was provided as compensation under the 1909 Workers’ Compensation Act?
What percentage of income was provided as compensation under the 1909 Workers’ Compensation Act?
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The Canadian Catholic Confederation of Labor was established in which year?
The Canadian Catholic Confederation of Labor was established in which year?
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What role did the government typically play during union strikes?
What role did the government typically play during union strikes?
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What movement did the Catholic Farmers Union promote?
What movement did the Catholic Farmers Union promote?
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Study Notes
Nationalism and the Autonomy of Canada: 1896-1945 - Part 3: The Transformation of Society at the Beginning of the 20th Century
The Union Movement
- Industrialization created greater social inequalities.
- Individuals and organizations sought change.
- Unions continued to advocate for workers' interests during the second phase of industrialization.
- Unions demanded reduced working hours and compensation for injured workers.
- Early 20th-century unions in Quebec and Canada were largely comprised of American organizations, such as the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor.
The Union Movement (continued)
- Despite labor laws passed in the first phase of industrialization, workers remained powerless.
- Unions pushed for laws regulating work practices.
- 1909: Workers' Compensation Act was introduced - mandatory compensation for work-related injuries (50% of income).
- 1926: Amended Compensation Act – increased compensation to injured employees to 50% of income.
- These laws were often ignored.
The Union Movement - Union Demands
- Unions used strikes as a tool to pressure the government and employers.
- The government sometimes intervened in labor disputes, possibly using force to break up strikes.
- Unions employed measures to put pressure on governments and employers.
- They employed certain conditions for striking
- All other methods to resolve grievances had to be exhausted first without successful resolution.
- The cause of the strike had to be just.
- The possibility for success had to be assured.
- Two-thirds of the workers had to vote in support.
The Social Action of the Catholic Church
- The Church played a significant social role (hospitals, schools, charities).
- The Church was concerned about growing societal inequalities and the influence of foreign unions.
- The Church embraced a new social doctrine which considered unions but with the oversight and authority of the church.
- It advocated for solidarity, charity, and reduced socio-economic inequality resulting from industrialization.
- The Church founded Catholic unions and formed the Canadian Catholic Confederation of Labour in 1921.
- Statistics show growth of priests and members of religious communities (1901-1931).
Municipal Services
- Increased urbanization during the second half of industrialization prompted measures to improve living conditions in cities.
- Lack of infrastructure and services in densely populated areas led to epidemics.
- Measures to improve living standards and sanitation included: garbage collection, sewer systems, water chlorination/filtration, public health clinics ("milk stations"), and electrification.
The Education System
- Most Francophone children did not complete elementary school.
- A bill for mandatory school attendance was proposed, but was rejected because of Church opposition.
- Few education reforms were passed. In 1923, the duration of elementary school was increased from 4 to 6 years.
Women's Struggles
- The feminist movement grew significantly in the early 20th century.
- Key demands focused on education, occupational opportunities, wages, and the right to vote.
- There was resistance from political and religious groups.
- Women's organizations faced challenges from various sources and groups.
Women's Struggles (continued)
- Canadian women gained the right to vote in federal elections by 1918 and in Quebec elections by 1940.
- Women faced wage discrimination and limited job opportunities. Average female wages were only 56% of male wages.
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Description
Explore the transformation of society in Canada from 1896 to 1945, focusing on the union movement during the early 20th century. Discover how industrialization exacerbated social inequalities and how unions worked to advocate for workers' rights and improve working conditions. This quiz covers significant acts, organizations, and the impact of the union movement on Canadian society.
