Nasal Polyps and Head & Neck Cancer Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary aim of injection augmentation in the context of vocal cord paralysis?

To improve phonation and glottic competence. (correct)

To eliminate the need for surgical intervention.

To completely restore vocal cord tissue.

To modify the shape of the larynx.

What is the goal of medialization laryngoplasty?

To permanently disable vocal cord movement.

To improve glottic closure by modifying the position of the vocal cords. (correct)

To change the size and shape of the larynx.

To restore vocal cords to their original position.

Which of the following substances is NOT typically used in injection augmentation?

Cartilage (correct)

Fascia

Autologous collagen

Silicone

What potential benefit does selective laryngeal reinnervation offer?

Restoration of normal or near-normal voice quality without losing vocal flexibility. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of trauma commonly affects the larynx?

Blunt trauma Signup and view all the answers

What is one risk factor associated with the aetiology of cancer in the nose and sinuses?

Inhalation of carcinogens from smoke Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical manifestation is NOT commonly associated with malignant tumours of the nose and sinuses?

Hemorrhoids Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic investigation is commonly used to examine the nasal cavity for malignancies?

Nasal endoscopy Signup and view all the answers

Which surgical approach is NOT mentioned for the management of malignant tumours of the nose and sinuses?

Transnasal resection Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is mentioned as a potential factor in the aetiology of cancer in the nose and sinuses?

Human papillomavirus (HPV) Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential complication associated with nasal polyps?

Chronic sinusitis Signup and view all the answers

Which procedure may be necessary for recalcitrant cases of nasal polyps?

Endoscopic ethmoidectomy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following regions is NOT part of the head and neck cancer classification?

Thoracic cavity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recognized general cause of head and neck cancer?

Tobacco smoking Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible characteristic of tumours in the nose and paranasal sinuses?

They can be benign or malignant Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is involved in performing a nasal polypectomy?

Use of a sinare-like instrument Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is associated with an increased risk of head and neck cancer?

Human papillomavirus (HPV 16) Signup and view all the answers

The larynx includes which of the following structures?

Vocal cords Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of emphysema?

Smoking Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic investigation is used to assess lung function?

Pulmonary function test Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical manifestation of emphysema?

Barrel chest Signup and view all the answers

What must an individual inherit to have cystic fibrosis?

A defective copy of the cystic fibrosis gene from each parent Signup and view all the answers

Which sweat test result is indicative of cystic fibrosis?

Greater than 60 mEq/L Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a pulmonary manifestation of cystic fibrosis?

Steatorrhoea Signup and view all the answers

A patient with emphysema typically prefers which position for breathing comfort?

High Fowler's position Signup and view all the answers

What is a non-pulmonary complication of cystic fibrosis?

Digital clubbing Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication that may follow acute tonsillitis leading to a specific type of abscess?

Peritonsillar abscess Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the presentation of a peritonsillar abscess?

It pushes the tonsil towards the mid-line. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of laser therapy through a bronchoscope in lung cancer management?

To relieve endobronchial obstructions Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of serial thoracentesis or chest tube placement in managing lung conditions?

To drain recurrent pleural effusions Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely appearance of the tonsil affected by a peritonsillar abscess?

Enlarged and pushed medially Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nasal Polyps

Endoscopic ethmoidectomy may be required for persistent cases of nasal polyps.
Nasal polypectomy can be performed under local or general anesthesia, using specialized instruments to remove polyps and cauterize bleeding sites.
Complications associated with nasal polyps include acute or chronic sinusitis, obstructive sleep apnea, and potential progression to nasal cancer.

Head and Neck Cancer

Six regions of the head and neck encompass: nasopharynx, oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, and nasal cavity.
Common causes of head and neck cancer include tobacco smoking, alcohol use, HPV infection, environmental factors, and hereditary influences.

Cancer of the Nose and Sinuses

Benign and malignant neoplasms can occur in the nose and paranasal sinuses, with a variety of histological tumor types due to the diverse tissue composition.
Malignant tumors are rare, and the tissue origins include epithelial, bone, cartilage, and other tissue types.

Aetiology of Cancer of the Nose and Sinuses

Inhalation of carcinogens from smoke, exposure to hardwood, and other environmental pollutants contribute to these cancers.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is also a recognized factor.

Clinical Manifestations

Symptoms may include nasal blockage, rhinorrhea, epistaxis, facial pain, and varying degrees of smell loss (hyposmia or anosmia).

Diagnostic Investigations

Key diagnostic tools include nasal endoscopy, cranial nerve examinations, intraoral examinations, otoscopy, CT scans of the head, and biopsies of lesions.
A full blood count may be indicated if lymphoma is suspected.

Management of Malignant Tumors

Surgical options for malignant nasal tumors include:
- Craniofacial resection (CFR)
- Lateral rhinotomy
- Midfacial degloving

Surgical Management of Vocal Cord Paralysis

Injection augmentation aims to restore normal vocal cord movement, using materials like silicone and autologous collagen.
Medialization laryngoplasty enhances glottic closure by repositioning vocal cords.
Selective laryngeal reinnervation seeks to restore normal voice quality while preserving vocal cord flexibility.

Laryngeal Trauma

Laryngeal injury, while rare, can be life-threatening and is categorized into blunt trauma and specific harmful behaviors such as smoking.

Clinical Manifestations of Emphysema

Symptoms include difficulty breathing, air trapping, barrel chest, increased use of accessory muscles for breathing, weight loss, and preference for a high fowler's position to enhance lung expansion.

Cystic Fibrosis

An autosomal recessive disorder, cystic fibrosis severely impacts the lungs, digestive tract, and reproductive systems, requiring both parents to carry the defective gene.
Symptoms comprise productive cough, wheezing, dyspnea, chronic sinusitis, and nasal polyps, among others.

Diagnostic Investigations for Cystic Fibrosis

Diagnostic measures include sweat chloride tests and DNA analysis for common CF gene mutations.

Management of Lung Cancer

Surgical interventions aim to address recurrent pleural effusions through procedures like thoracentesis or chest tube placement, with laser therapy providing palliative relief for obstructions caused by non-resectable tumors.

Peritonsillar Abscess (Quinsy)

A peritonsillar abscess is a painful collection of pus between the tonsillar capsule and surrounding tissues, typically resulting from acute tonsillitis. The condition causes significant discomfort and may lead to visible tonsil displacement.

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Description

Test your knowledge on nasal polyps, head and neck cancers, and their related medical procedures. This quiz covers etiology, surgical interventions, and potential complications associated with these conditions. Dive into the specifics of various neoplasms in the nose and sinuses as well.