Nasal Anatomy and Functions Quiz

Choana

• Posterior sections of the upper nasal meatus
• Opening from the nasal cavity to the nasopharynx
• Posterior sections of the lower nasal meatus
• Posterior sections of the common nasal passage

Outflow of Blood from the External Nose

• Anterior facial vein

Vomer

• Part of the nasal cavity wall
• Medial

Ethmoid Bone Perforated Plate

• Thickness: 2-3mm

Turbinates

• Located on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

Upper Nasal Cavity

• Does not include the palatine bone

Jacobson's Organ

• Vestigial organ in the nasal cavity
• Located on the bottom wall
• On the nasal septum

Kisselbach Area

• Located in the nasal cavity

Nasal Mucosa

• Feature: Presence of cavernous plexuses in the submucosal layer
• Contains goblet cells and mucous glands

Upper Resonators

• Components: nose, sinuses, pharynx, vestibule of the larynx, cranial cavity are not considered upper resonators

Parosmia

• Decreased sense of smell
• Perverted sense of smell
• Olfactory hallucinations

Blood Supply to the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses

• Supplied by the systems of the external and internal carotid arteries

Nasal Nerve Fibers

• Pass through the perforated plate of the ethmoid bone
• Including olfactory nerve and branches of the trigeminal nerve

Ostiomeatal Complex

• Does not include the anterior end of the middle turbinate

Nasal Septum

• Uncinate process and semilunar fissure
• Wedge-shaped paranasal sinus borders the pterygopalatine fossa

Maxillary Sinus

• Thinnest wall: upper wall
• Average volume: up to 10.5 cm³ in an adult
• Thickness of the anterior wall of the main sinus: 1–2mm

Sphenoid Sinus

• Adjacent to the frontal lobe of the brain

Optic Nerve Opening

• Located on the wall of the main sinus
• On the front side

External Auditory Canal

• Upper wall borders on the middle cranial fossa

Eardrum Layers

• Sequence: cutaneous, connective tissue, mucous

Tympanic Membrane

• Greatest distance from the medial wall: in the posteroinferior quadrant

Malleus Handle

• Line dividing the eardrum into front and back halves

Eardrum Reflex

• Light reflex is not an anatomical feature

Eardrum Identification Points

• Short process of the malleus
• Posterior and anterior folds of the tympanic membrane is not an identification point
• Hammer handle is an identification point

Middle Ear Sections

• Sequence: auditory tube, mastoid process, tympanic cavity in order from front to back

Round Window

• Covered by the secondary tympanic membrane

Auditory Tube

• Is open in the front of the tympanic cavity
• Average length in adults: 3.5cm

Tympanic Cavity Wall and Jugular Bulb

• The jugular bulb borders this wall, including veins
• The tubular or carotid wall is the exterior wall

Facial Nerve

• Descending or vertical genus of the facial nerve passes into the lower part of the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity
• Descending or vertical genus of the facial nerve passes into the lower part of the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity

Eardrum Structure

• Fibrous and middle layers in young children are thicker than in adults
• Contains epidermal and mucous layer

Cochlea

• A bony spiral canal that, in humans, has 2.5 turns around a bone rod

Inner Ear

• Supplied with blood by the internal carotid, occipital, and vertebral arteries
• Widest part of the basilar plate is located near the spherical sac

Human Ear Perception

• Frequency range: 16 to 20 thousand hertz

Organ of Corti

• Located in the cochlear passage

Ear Parts

• 3 parts, including parts of the middle ear

Pharynx

• Hollow organ that is part of the digestive and respiratory tracts
• Parts: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Nasopharynx

• Located from the base of the skull to the 3rd cervical vertebra
• Communicates with the nasal cavity and auditory tubes

Nasopharyngeal Tonsil

• Located on the roof of the nasopharynx

Palatine Tonsils

• Located on the lateral walls of the oropharynx
• Contains 12 to 20 lacunae
• Maximum development occurs at around the age of 10 years old.

Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx

• Lined with multilayered squamous non-keratinizing epithelium

Pharynx Blood Supply

• From the ascending pharyngeal artery and branches of external carotid arteries
• Palatine tonsils supplied by branches from the ascending pharyngeal artery and external carotid

Retropharyngeal Space

• Continuation of the posterior mediastinum

Palatine Tonsil

• 12 to 20 lacunae
• Maximally developed by 10 years of age

Acute Purulent Otitis Media

• Pain, high body temperature occur up to 39 °C

Paracentesis in Otitis Media

• Not indicated for marginal perforation of the tympanic membrane

Diagnosis in Otitis Media

• Includes tuning fork tests such as Schwabach and Rinne experiments and use of radiography of the paranasal sinuses in frontal and lateral projections.

Mastoiditis

• Subperiosteal abscess is localized under the periosteum of the mastoid process

Extra-dural Abscess in Rhinogenic

• May affect the facial nerve, but not the recurrent nerve

Maxillary Sinus Puncture

• Using the Kulikovsky needle, direction is toward the outer corner of the eye.

Sphenoid Sinusitis

• Treatment typically includes the use of a sinus catheter, or vitamin therapy, in some instances

Ozena

• Atrophic Rhinitis

Otogenic Meningitis

• Purulent otogenous meningitis is treated with a focus on the middle ear

Otitis Media

• Spontaneous labyrinthine nystagmus, that includes involuntary oscillatory movements of the eyeballs.

Eustachian Tube

• May be absent or underdeveloped, likely contributing to increased incidence of otitis média.

Hearing Aids

• Indicated for retcochlear hearing loss, unilateral hearing loss, and reduction in sound perception in speech frequencies more than 40 dB.

Cochlea

• In humans, it contains 2.5 turns around a bone rod.