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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of cavernous tissue in the nasal cavity?
What is the primary role of cavernous tissue in the nasal cavity?
Which part of the nasal cavity does not include the palatine bone?
Which part of the nasal cavity does not include the palatine bone?
What is the average volume of the maxillary sinus in an adult?
What is the average volume of the maxillary sinus in an adult?
What does parosmia refer to?
What does parosmia refer to?
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Which part of the ear does not include the organ of Corti?
Which part of the ear does not include the organ of Corti?
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What is the primary functional tissue of the tonsils in the lymphadenoid pharyngeal ring?
What is the primary functional tissue of the tonsils in the lymphadenoid pharyngeal ring?
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Which structure divides into the two main bronchi?
Which structure divides into the two main bronchi?
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What is an indication for performing paracentesis in acute purulent otitis media?
What is an indication for performing paracentesis in acute purulent otitis media?
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What is characteristic of the laryngoscopic picture in epiglottitis?
What is characteristic of the laryngoscopic picture in epiglottitis?
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In which age group is 'false croup' (stenosing laryngotracheitis) most often observed?
In which age group is 'false croup' (stenosing laryngotracheitis) most often observed?
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Study Notes
Choana
- Posterior sections of the upper nasal meatus
- Opening from the nasal cavity to the nasopharynx
- Posterior sections of the lower nasal meatus
- Posterior sections of the common nasal passage
Outflow of Blood from the External Nose
- Anterior facial vein
Vomer
- Part of the nasal cavity wall
- Medial
Ethmoid Bone Perforated Plate
- Thickness: 2-3mm
Turbinates
- Located on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
Upper Nasal Cavity
- Does not include the palatine bone
Jacobson's Organ
- Vestigial organ in the nasal cavity
- Located on the bottom wall
- On the nasal septum
Kisselbach Area
- Located in the nasal cavity
Nasal Mucosa
- Feature: Presence of cavernous plexuses in the submucosal layer
- Contains goblet cells and mucous glands
Upper Resonators
- Components: nose, sinuses, pharynx, vestibule of the larynx, cranial cavity are not considered upper resonators
Parosmia
- Decreased sense of smell
- Perverted sense of smell
- Olfactory hallucinations
Blood Supply to the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
- Supplied by the systems of the external and internal carotid arteries
Nasal Nerve Fibers
- Pass through the perforated plate of the ethmoid bone
- Including olfactory nerve and branches of the trigeminal nerve
Ostiomeatal Complex
- Does not include the anterior end of the middle turbinate
Nasal Septum
- Uncinate process and semilunar fissure
- Wedge-shaped paranasal sinus borders the pterygopalatine fossa
Maxillary Sinus
- Thinnest wall: upper wall
- Average volume: up to 10.5 cm³ in an adult
- Thickness of the anterior wall of the main sinus: 1–2mm
Sphenoid Sinus
- Adjacent to the frontal lobe of the brain
Optic Nerve Opening
- Located on the wall of the main sinus
- On the front side
External Auditory Canal
- Upper wall borders on the middle cranial fossa
Eardrum Layers
- Sequence: cutaneous, connective tissue, mucous
Tympanic Membrane
- Greatest distance from the medial wall: in the posteroinferior quadrant
Malleus Handle
- Line dividing the eardrum into front and back halves
Eardrum Reflex
- Light reflex is not an anatomical feature
Eardrum Identification Points
- Short process of the malleus
- Posterior and anterior folds of the tympanic membrane is not an identification point
- Hammer handle is an identification point
Middle Ear Sections
- Sequence: auditory tube, mastoid process, tympanic cavity in order from front to back
Round Window
- Covered by the secondary tympanic membrane
Auditory Tube
- Is open in the front of the tympanic cavity
- Average length in adults: 3.5cm
Tympanic Cavity Wall and Jugular Bulb
- The jugular bulb borders this wall, including veins
- The tubular or carotid wall is the exterior wall
Facial Nerve
- Descending or vertical genus of the facial nerve passes into the lower part of the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity
- Descending or vertical genus of the facial nerve passes into the lower part of the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity
Eardrum Structure
- Fibrous and middle layers in young children are thicker than in adults
- Contains epidermal and mucous layer
Cochlea
- A bony spiral canal that, in humans, has 2.5 turns around a bone rod
Inner Ear
- Supplied with blood by the internal carotid, occipital, and vertebral arteries
- Widest part of the basilar plate is located near the spherical sac
Human Ear Perception
- Frequency range: 16 to 20 thousand hertz
Organ of Corti
- Located in the cochlear passage
Ear Parts
- 3 parts, including parts of the middle ear
Pharynx
- Hollow organ that is part of the digestive and respiratory tracts
- Parts: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx
- Located from the base of the skull to the 3rd cervical vertebra
- Communicates with the nasal cavity and auditory tubes
Nasopharyngeal Tonsil
- Located on the roof of the nasopharynx
Palatine Tonsils
- Located on the lateral walls of the oropharynx
- Contains 12 to 20 lacunae
- Maximum development occurs at around the age of 10 years old.
Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx
- Lined with multilayered squamous non-keratinizing epithelium
Pharynx Blood Supply
- From the ascending pharyngeal artery and branches of external carotid arteries
- Palatine tonsils supplied by branches from the ascending pharyngeal artery and external carotid
Retropharyngeal Space
- Continuation of the posterior mediastinum
Palatine Tonsil
- 12 to 20 lacunae
- Maximally developed by 10 years of age
Acute Purulent Otitis Media
- Pain, high body temperature occur up to 39 °C
Paracentesis in Otitis Media
- Not indicated for marginal perforation of the tympanic membrane
Diagnosis in Otitis Media
- Includes tuning fork tests such as Schwabach and Rinne experiments and use of radiography of the paranasal sinuses in frontal and lateral projections.
Mastoiditis
- Subperiosteal abscess is localized under the periosteum of the mastoid process
Extra-dural Abscess in Rhinogenic
- May affect the facial nerve, but not the recurrent nerve
Maxillary Sinus Puncture
- Using the Kulikovsky needle, direction is toward the outer corner of the eye.
Sphenoid Sinusitis
- Treatment typically includes the use of a sinus catheter, or vitamin therapy, in some instances
Ozena
- Atrophic Rhinitis
Otogenic Meningitis
- Purulent otogenous meningitis is treated with a focus on the middle ear
Otitis Media
- Spontaneous labyrinthine nystagmus, that includes involuntary oscillatory movements of the eyeballs.
Eustachian Tube
- May be absent or underdeveloped, likely contributing to increased incidence of otitis média.
Hearing Aids
- Indicated for retcochlear hearing loss, unilateral hearing loss, and reduction in sound perception in speech frequencies more than 40 dB.
Cochlea
- In humans, it contains 2.5 turns around a bone rod.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the nasal cavity, including structures such as choana, turbinates, and the vomer. This quiz covers the key features and functions of the nasal system, including the outflow of blood and the role of various organs. Perfect for students in anatomy or health sciences.
