Narcotic Drugs Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of the content provided?

Psychotropic substances

Narcotic drugs specifically (correct)

Pharmaceuticals in general

Therapeutic uses of medications

Which of the following is NOT a type of drug mentioned?

Psychoactive drugs

Hallucinogenic drugs

Narcotic drugs

Antibiotic drugs (correct)

Which is a characteristic feature of narcotic drugs?

They may cause sedation and pain relief (correct)

They are exclusively available over the counter

They are primarily used as antibiotics

They are derived from herbal sources only

What best describes the classification of narcotic drugs?

Controlled substances Signup and view all the answers

In the context of narcotic drugs, what is an essential precaution?

They should be used cautiously to prevent addiction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding narcotic drugs?

They have a low potential for abuse Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about narcotic drugs?

They can be safely shared with others Signup and view all the answers

Which substance category is primarily associated with pain relief and can lead to addiction?

Narcotic drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary category associated with the listed substances?

Narcotic drugs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the regulatory status of narcotic drugs?

They are strictly regulated due to their effects Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of narcotic drugs on the central nervous system?

Depressed respiratory function Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms is synonymous with narcotic drugs?

Opioids Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT typically classified as a narcotic drug?

Caffeine Signup and view all the answers

Narcotic drugs are mainly derived from which type of source?

Natural plant extracts Signup and view all the answers

What is one major risk associated with the misuse of narcotic drugs?

High potential for overdose Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect associated with narcotic drugs?

Pain relief Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential risk associated with narcotic drug use?

Addiction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'narcotic'?

A drug that induces sleep or numbness Signup and view all the answers

Which regulatory body is primarily responsible for the classification of narcotic drugs?

Drug Enforcement Administration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not considered a narcotic drug?

Ibuprofen Signup and view all the answers

Which of these substances is derived from the opium poppy and classified as a narcotic?

Oxycodone Signup and view all the answers

What type of withdrawal symptoms can occur upon discontinuation of narcotic drugs?

Nausea and vomiting Signup and view all the answers

How do narcotic drugs generally affect brain function?

By blocking pain signals Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary medical use of narcotic drugs?

Managing chronic pain Signup and view all the answers

What are the main categories of drugs mentioned?

Stimulant and Narcotic Drugs Signup and view all the answers

Which category of drugs is often associated with inducing sleep?

Narcotic Drugs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes narcotic drugs?

Drugs that relieve pain and induce sleep Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements is false regarding narcotic drugs?

They increase heart rate. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary concerns associated with the use of narcotic drugs?

Development of tolerance Signup and view all the answers

Which effects are NOT typically associated with narcotic drugs?

Hallucinations Signup and view all the answers

What is a common legal use for narcotic drugs?

Sedation during surgery Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of the misuse of narcotic drugs?

Respiratory depression Signup and view all the answers

Which class of drugs is characterized by their potential for abuse and dependency?

Narcotic Drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant side effect associated with the use of narcotic drugs?

Constipation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of narcotic drugs?

Binding to opioid receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which situation might lead to a higher risk of developing tolerance to narcotic drugs?

Prolonged and continuous use Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes narcotic drugs from other classes of analgesics?

Narcotics primarily act on the brain's opioid receptors. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically considered a narcotic drug?

Ibuprofen Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method of administration for narcotic drugs in a medical setting?

Intravenous injection Signup and view all the answers

What class of substances do narcotic drugs belong to?

Opioids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common characteristic of narcotic drugs?

They induce sleepiness. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically classified as a narcotic drug?

Amphetamine Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary uses of narcotic drugs in medicine?

To relieve moderate to severe pain. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk associated with the use of narcotic drugs?

Overdose and addiction. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about narcotic drugs is FALSE?

They enhance physical performance significantly. Signup and view all the answers

In what form can narcotic drugs be administered?

In multiple forms including pills, injections, and patches. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor significantly influences the effectiveness of narcotic drugs?

The method of administration. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chemical Analyses of Narcotics in Forensic Laboratories

This presentation covers chemical analyses of narcotics in forensic labs.
The presenter (Dr. Mohammed M. El-Gamil) from Mansoura University discusses topics of drug analysis and forensic chemistry.
The presentation includes a definition of a drug, drug abuse, and historical drug uses.

What is a Drug?

A substance that induces physiological change upon ingestion.
Drugs are toxic.
The dose differentiates a therapeutic drug from a poison.

Definition of a Drug

A substance that induces a physiological change when ingested.
Modes of ingestion: swallowing, injection, inhalation, and absorption through the skin.
Toxicity: All drugs are toxic; the dose differentiates a therapeutic drug from a poison.
Uses of drugs: treat/prevent disease, alleviate pain, promote sleep, induce physiological responses.
Paracelsus (1493-1541): "All substances are poisons; the right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy."

Drug Abuse

Changes over time and varies among societies
Cocaine in Coca-Cola
Originally included for stimulation and aphrodisiac effects.
Invented by John S. Pemberton as "Pemberton's French Wine Cola" in 1885.
Reformulated to "temperance drink" with coca and kola nut extracts.
Name derived from kola nut and cocaine.
Cocaine removed by 1929 due to addiction concerns.
Historical drug uses
LSD and MDMA in psychotherapy.
Methamphetamine used by American soldiers (World War II to Gulf War in 1991).
Marijuana, medicinally used in ancient times.
Active ingredient now commercially prepared & marketed as Marinol

Classification of Drugs and Category

By Origin and Function
By General Effect
By Use
Classification by Schedule
Their acid-base character

Classification by Origin

Natural Products
Extracted from plants.
Alkaloids: Basic compounds extracted from seed plants.
Cocaine, THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)
Semisynthetic Compounds
Made by modifying natural products.
Example: Heroin (acetylation of morphine)
Synthetic Compounds
Fully synthesized in labs.
Example: Diazepam (Valium), synthetic THC (dronabinol).
Challenges in Classification: Ability to synthesize drugs complicates classification by origin.

Classification by General Effect

Analgesics
Depressants
Hallucinogens
Narcotics
Stimulants
Note that drugs may fall into more than one category.
For example, narcotic drugs are also CNS depressants

Analgesics

Analgesics relieve pain.
Examples: aspirin, NSAIDS (as ibuprofen), naproxen sodium, morphine.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
- Mechanism: Reduce pain by reducing fever and inflammation.
- Action: Block prostaglandins, which are involved in inflammation.
- Result: Prevent synthesis of prostaglandins.
Morphine and Opiates
- Mechanism: Attach to opioid receptors in CNS and gastrointestinal tract.
- Action: Block nerve impulses relaying pain to the brain.
- Result: Reduce pain by interrupting pain signals.
- Aspirin: Inhibits pain-inducing events and reduces inflammation, non-addictive, does not produce euphoria.
- Morphine: Intercepts pain signals; can cause euphoria and deep relaxation; addictive and classified as a narcotic

Depressants

Depressants depress central nervous system (CNS) functions.
Effects: Slowed heartbeat, reduced anxiety, promotion of sleep.
Examples: Barbiturates, tranquilizers, sleep aids, ethanol.
Benzodiazepines
- A family of synthetic drugs.
- Common brands: Valium ®.
- Mechanism: Interact with GABA receptors in the brain.
- Action: Bind with GABA receptor sites, generating an inhibitory response.
- Result: Depression of the CNS.

Hallucinogens

Drugs that alter perception of time, reality, movement, thought, vision, and hearing.
Examples: LSD, mescaline, marijuana (can act as a hallucinogen at high dose), methamphetamine.
Pharmacology: Complex, can be generalized into two classes
- Phenethylamines
  - Examples: methamphetamine, ecstasy (MDMA).
- Tryptamines
  - Example: Psilocybin (from psilocybin mushrooms).

Narcotics

Effects: Narcotic effects depress the CNS and promote sleep.
Source: Derived from opium plant (opiate alkaloids).
Examples: Morphine, codeine, heroin, hydromorphone, oxycodone, hydrocodone.
Stimulants
- Effects: In contrast to narcotics, stimulants induce alertness, interfere with sleep.
- Common examples: Cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine.
- High-dose effects: Many stimulants are hallucinogenic.
- Mechanism: Varies widely. e.g., Cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine, leading to generalized stimulation

Classification by Use

Based on how they are used and their physical/chemical structures and physiological effects within each group.
Predatory Drugs.
- Commonly used at parties and clubs frequented by young adults as date-rape drugs.
- Purpose: Incapacitate a person for sexual assault (DFSA).
- Common drugs: Ketamine, Rohypnol®, GHB
- Effects: Range from disorientation to unconsciousness; loss of short-term memory.
Club drugs : Commonly used at parties/clubs by young people.
Many are also predatory drugs.
- Examples: Ecstasy (MDMA), other hallucinogens (LSD), stimulant-hallucinogens (PCP), methamphetamine
Human-performance drugs, consist of substances to improve one’s performance
- Examples: Anabolic steroids, alcohol
- Composition: dozens of drugs, mainly prescription-based, derived from testosterone
- Usage: Abused by athletes to increase muscle mass and decrease recovery, commonly found at high school level.
Inhalants : Inhalants, are substances inhaled to produce desired effects.
- Examples: Paint thinners, nitrous oxide (laughing gas), gasoline, cleaning fluids, nail polish remover.
- Generally depressant effects like alcohol

Classification by Schedule

The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) regulates drug classifications by the potential for abuse.
Based on chemical and physiological properties of drugs, and their potential for abuse.
US - Regulations based on abuse risk.

Drugs as Evidence

Physical Evidence: The Five P's
- Powders
- Plant matter
- Pills
- Precursors
- Paraphernalia
- Note: All this information pertains to physical evidence of drug use.

Powders

Range: Colored powders from crystalline white to resinous brown.
Examples: Heroin, cocaine (plant-derived).
Characteristics: Many are oily and odoriferous.

Hashish

Concentrated form of marijuana
Lies between plant matter and powder.

Plant Matter

Examples: Marijuana, mushroom, cactus buttons.
Storage: Must be stored properly to prevent rotting/degradation prior to analysis.

Pills

Types: Prescription medications, clandestinely synthesized tablets.
Identification: Visual identification using references like PDR (physician's desk reference).
Amphetamines, methamphetamine, LSD are often sold in pill form.
Precursors: Materials used in clandestine drug synthesis
Methamphetamine precursors: phenyl-2-propanone (P2P), pseudoephedrine.
LSD precursors: lysergic acd, lysergic amide.
Drug Paraphernalia: Implements for drug preparation and ingestion.
- Examples: syringes, cookers, pipes, bongs, razor blades, mirrors, straws.
- Challenges: Analysis of trace amounts and identification of chemical residues in the exhibits.

Cutting Agents

Categories
- Diluents (thinners): Non-drug substances with no pharmacological effects(e.g., baking soda, sugars)
- Adulterants: Active substances with effects like the target drug(e.g., caffeine in cocaine).
- Impurities: Substances found during processing(e.g., codeine in heroin).
- Contaminants: Subcategory of impurities, accidentally introduced during processing (e.g., barium in heroin)

Profiling (Chemical Fingerprinting)

Analyze drug sample composition beyond identification and quantification.
Categorize samples into similar groups, determine common origin.
Elucidate synthetic pathway or extraction method.
Identify diluents, adulterants, and impurities
Identify geographic origin for plant-derived exhibits.
Profiling is increasingly used as an investigative tool.

Profiling a Drug Sample

Includes physical examination (organic and inorganic analysis).
Physical Examination: Color, appearance, particle size, microscopic characterization of diluents, and organic analysis.
Major and minor constituents reveal drug and chemical processing methods.
Isotopic Ratios: Related to environmental conditions during plant cultivation(stable natural isotopes).
Informative elements: Nitrogen, calcium, magnesium (from the soil).

Extracted Components

Plant-derived drugs: Alkaloids extracted from precursor or drug substances.
Example: Morphine from opium (precursor to heroin).
Other alkaloids: Codeine, thebaine, papaverine, noscapine.
Alkaloids interact with morphine during processing.
Analytical Methods: TLC, GC/MS, HPLC; separate and identify impurities for evidentiary analysis.

Impurities

Introduced at each processing stage.
Sources: impure reagents, dirty glassware, contaminated water.
Solvents: Can carry organic contaminants or be contaminants themselves.
Residual solvents: Occluded within the crystal matrix of the final salt product.

Adulterants and Diluents

Provide useful information about batches and groups.
Common adulterants in heroin: Acetaminophen, caffeine, lidocaine.
Highly variable and difficult to identify because some are removed during sample preparation.
Identification can be time-consuming.
Quick microscopic examination can identify starches or sugars
Materials like mannitol or baking soda are more challenging to identify.
Limiting factors in forensic laboratories: caseload and time.

Aspects of profiling a drug sample

Physical characteristics: appearance, color, and particle size.
Chemical analysis: Major and minor constituents, adulterants and diluents, impurities, isotopic ratios, and elemental analysis.

Analysis of Seized Drugs

Focus: Drug analysis and toxicology.
Presumptive color tests:
Duquenois-Levine Test (for marijuana)
Cobalt thiocyanate (for cocaine)
Marquis Test (for opium derivatives, amphetamines, other alkaloids)
p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (pDMAB) (for LSD)
- Note: These tests give presumptive results, not definitive identification.

Color Tests

Color tests focus on compounds.
Functional groups: phenols, aromatic rings, basic nitrogen.
Many drugs have multiple active molecules.
Detection limits: presumptive tests generally detect 1 to 50 µg/exhibit.
Dual Use: Most color test reagents can also be used as developers for thin-layer chromatography (TLC).
Series of tests performed if sample quantity is sufficient.

Material Indicators

Green plant material: unlikely to test positive initially for cocaine/heroin.
Brownish/tarry material: Suggestive of hashish/heroin.
Blotter papers/gel windows/tiny tablets: Common for LSD.
Tan or whitish powders/pills: Suitable for extensive color tests. -Note: Some color tests involve precipitation but not all.

Spot Plate / Test Tube

Spot tests (use glass or ceramic spot plate or disposable test tube)
Better results on a white background; some tests work better on a black spot plate.
Place a small amount of the questioned powder in a well on the plate.
Add the reagent.
Presumptive tests react with multiple substances.

What is Color?

Color change indicates chemical reaction; color change points to alteration in chemical bonding during a reaction.
Colorants: substances absorb or emit electromagnetic energy in the visible range (dyes, pigments).
Mechanisms of color change in dye formation: changes in molecular structure allowing visible light to interact with molecular orbitals.
Transition metal complexes: alteration of molecular orbitals allows for visible light interactions; and the reaction between a drug and a reagent creating an energy difference between orbitals enables visible light to promote an electron.

Molecular Orbital Transitions

Molecular compounds are covalently bonded; atomic orbitals combine to form molecular orbitals.
White appearance of powder: Reflects all visible light wavelengths; no visible light absorbed.
White light emitted by broad-spectrum light sources.
Light appears white when reflected diffusely or at random angles.
Black appearance: Absorbs all wavelengths.
Gray appearance: Absorbs a constant percentage of intensity at all wavelengths.
Achromatic colors: white, gray, and black are colorless.
Chromatic colors: Specific colors perceived when light is absorbed selectively.

Chromophore and Auxochrome

Chromophore: The portion of a molecule capable of absorbing a photon; color generation occurs through transitions requiring lower energy photons, smaller transitions energy gaps.
Conjugation: Decreasing energy gaps allows visible energy to promote electrons.
Effect of conjugation: leads to absorption of longer wavelengths and a darker perceived color.
Auxochrome: Not a chromophore itself, it modifies the wavelength/intensity of a chromophore.
Oxygen and Nitrogen: Contain unshared electrons e and π electrons that interact with aromatic systems.
- Effect on energy gap: Decreases energy gaps and increases the wavelength of absorbed light.
- Removal of unshared pairs of electron; example with anilinium ion shows Amax drops to the value of unsubstituted benzene.

Changes in Wavelength

When wavelength increases, the absorbed energy decreases, leading to the color becoming "redder" (red or orange shift).
When the wavelength decreases, the absorbed energy increases, leading to the color becoming "bluer" (blue shift).
Bathochromic shift: Shift to longer wavelengths (redder light).
Hypsochromic shift: Shift to shorter wavelengths (bluer light).
Intensity increase: hyperchromic shift: High ελ; highly intense absorption.
Intensity decrease: hypochromic shift: lower ελ; less intense absorption.

Dyes and Dye Formation

Pigment: Insoluble materials in a suspension.
Dye: Solution of the colorant (solvent).
Colorants: Can be organic, inorganic, natural, or synthetic.
Difference in solubility of colorants differentiates a dye from a pigment.

Other Structural Features

Colored products of presumptive tests frequently contain carbonium ions (carbocations).
Carbocation: Ion with a positive charge; highly substituted ones tend to be stable.

Marquis Test

Formaldehyde in sulfuric acid.
Versatile and widely used color test in drug analysis.
Complex chemistry, not fully understood.
Carbocation formation via formaldehyde action; possible free radical mechanism.
Reaction steps: Formaldehyde adds to aromatic ring with an amine side chain.
- Intermediate product is an alcohol.
- Carbocation is attacked by nucleophiles (alcohol).
Final product: A dimer with increased conjugation—interaction with visible light.
Color appearance: Due to increased conjugation.

Marquis Test for Amphetamines

Marquis reagent reacts with amphetamine and methamphetamine to produce an orange-red product.
Mechanism involves an attack of the amine of the amphetamine molecule on the carbonyl of formaldehyde.
The orange color is distinctive.
Used to differentiate between amphetamine (a primary amine) and methamphetamine (a secondary amine).

The Liebermann Test

Liebermann reagent (KNO3 dissolved in sulfuric acid) forms nitrous acid (HONO).
Used to test for phenolic compounds and amines in drug analysis.
The reaction consists of two steps
- Nitration of the substrate drug, which includes forming a quinon imine derivative
- The coupling is promoted by the sulfuric acid.
- The color produced is pH-dependent.

The Duquenois-Levine Test

Used for marijuana testing;
The reaction involves condensation that creates a purple chromophore with the active ingredient tetrahydrocannabinol.

Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC)

Rapid analysis technique (rarely longer than 30 minutes), highly sensitive (sub-milligram quantities required), amenable to a wide variety of substances/visualization techniques, and inexpensive.
TLC plates: Coated with activated silica gel (0.25 mm thickness), optionally with UV-fluorescent additives.
Available in various sizes depending on sample number and TLC tank size.
Recommended development length is about 10 cm. Standard sizes include 20x20 cm, 20x10 cm, 10x5 cm used vertically.
TLC Tanks: Made of clear glass with a tightly fitting lid, lined with adsorbent paper to saturate with solvent vapors.

Spotting

Spotting Line: Positioned 1 cm from the bottom of the plate.
Spacing: Minimum 0.8 cm between sample applications; no spot closer than 1.5 cm to the plate's side edge.
Sample Spot Size: Should be as small as possible (2 mm) to avoid diffuse spots; May require multiple small aliquots to achieve a small diameter spot.
Drying Spots: Can use cold or hot air between applications; ensure no thermally labile components if using hot air.

Developing Solvent

Prepare developing solvents accurately using pipettes and measuring cylinders.
Automatic dispensers can be used.
Mix solvents can be done within the TLC tank for saturation with solvent vapors.
Sufficient time for saturation (approximately 5 minutes using paper-lined tanks).
For development systems, renew solvent after 3 runs or ideally after each development.

Development Line Position

For a 20 cm TLC plate, scratch 11 cm from bottom (spotting end).
For a 10 cm TLC plate, end of the plate is the development line.
Stop analysis when solvent reaches the development line.
During monitoring, analysts must monitor solvent progress on the TLC
Remove the plate from the tank as soon as the solvent reaches the development line to avoid diffuse spots.

Standard Solutions

Prepare concentrations of heroin, morphine, codeine, acetylcodeine, 6-acetylmorphine, papaverine, and noscapine at 1 mg/ml in methanol.

Sample Preparation

Suitable materials for isolating heroin, opium, and crude morphine from seized materials.
Dissolve 5 mg of sample per 1 ml of methanol.
Place 1 µl or 5 µl spots onto the TLC plate.

Drying Plates

Must be dry before visualization.
Dry at room temperature, in an oven (120°C maximum), or a hot air blower.
Ensure that all traces of ammonia are removed for proper color development before analysis.

Visualization Methods

UV Light (254 nm, if silica gel contains a fluorescent additive).
Dragendorff's spray reagent; produces orange spots on a yellow background with opium alkaloids.
Acidified potassium iodoplatinate spray reagent; produces bluish-to-purple spots with opium alkaloids.

Rf values

Small changes in TLC plate composition and solvent systems can result in significant changes in Rf values for individual compounds.
Analysts should only compare data with reference standards applied to the same TLC plate as the sample to maintain consistency.

Gas Chromatography (GC)

Packed column methods (Method A)
Capillary column methods (Megabore capillary column, Narrow Bore capillary column, Method B)
Column Efficiency and Resolving Power (expressed in theoretical plates/meter):
- Packed column: ~200 plates/m.
- Megabore capillary column: ~1,500 plates/m
- Narrow bore capillary column: ~4,000 plates/m

GC-Packed Column Method (Method A)

Detector: FID.
Column: 6 ft (or 2 m) x 2-4 mm I.D.
Packing: 3% Dimethyl silicone (SE-30 or OV-2)
Carrier gas: N2 at 70 ml/min
Injection size: 2-5 µL as appropriate
Temperatures (oven, injector, detector): 275 °C, 275 °C, 230 °C, respectively.
Internal standard: n-Docosane (100 mg/5.0 ml methanol).
Derivatization reagent: N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (BSA)

Preparation of Samples and Standard Solutions (GC)

Derivatization
To 0.5 ml of standard solution, add 0.5 ml of BSA in a stoppered vial, heat at 100°C for 10 minutes.
Treat 0.5 ml of the heroin sample solution in the same manner.

Elution order (GC)

Order of elution varies with specific GC conditions

Conditioning of Packed Columns

Condition all packed columns before use at a temperature at least 30°C above the maximum operating temperature.
Typically condition columns overnight for a minimum of 15 hours.
Ensure a leak-free injection system.
Maintain normal gas flow.
Disconnect column from detector during conditioning.
Frequently saline glass columns to prevent morphine adsorption during GC determinations, and maintain a leak-free system.

GC-MS Methodology and Operating Conditions

GC/MS Method (Method B)
Column: Fused silica (30 m x 0.25 mm I.D.) with 0.25 µm chemically bonded dimethylpolysiloxane stationary phase.
Carrier Gas: Helium (He) at 50 cm/sec at 220 °C oven temperature.
Injection technique: Split (1:15 ratio); injection volume 1 µL.
Temperatures: Injector = 250 °C, MS source = 275 °C, Oven = 310 °C (with a 150°C hold time and 9 °C/minute temperature change up to 300°C and a 2.4-minute hold time, or 5.4 if for opium/morphine).
Internal standard: n-tetracosane.
Derivatization reagent: N-Methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide (MSTFA).

Elution order (GC-MS)

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

Method A
Detector: UV at 280 nm
Column: Octadecyl-silica, 300 x 3.9 mm I.D. (µBondapak C18 or equivalent)
Mobile Phase: Water, acetonitrile, triethylamine
- Flow rate: 2ml/min
Injection volume: 5-20 μl
Standard: 10 ml of mobile phase with 10mg of Morphine (base or hydrochloride) accurately weighed and dissolved
Note: Procedure will vary depending on the specified method.

Sample preparation (HPLC)

Opium sample preparation:
- Disperse 100 mg of opium with 10 ml of saturated aqueous sodium chloride (adjust pH with dilute ammonia).
- Extract the mixture three 20-ml portions of chloroform/isopropanol (3:1).
- Filter the organic layers througn anhydrous sodium sulfate or phases separation paper and evaporate the organic solvent to dryness.
- Take the residue up in 10 ml of mobile phase.
Morphine sample preparation: Same method as Morphine standard solution; accurately weigh 10mg of Morphine sample and dissolve in 10ml of mobile phase.

Elution Order (HPLC)

Morphine → Codeine → Thebaine → Noscapine → Papaverine

Calculation Notes

Standard solutions
Close proximity (same order of magnitude).
Multi-point validation
Include negative standard (blank) samples to ensure no phantom responses for target compounds or internal standards.
Include one or more blank(s) before and after the analytical run for less than 15 samples, and at least one additional blank midway through for >15 samples.

General Quantitation Notes

Calibration curves must be constructed for each compound.
Use at least three points with concentrations above and below expected quantity of compound.
Verification is needed for any curve change to ensure method validity.

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Test your knowledge on narcotic drugs with this comprehensive quiz. Explore the classification, characteristics, misconceptions, and regulatory status of narcotic substances. Be prepared to identify their effects and associated risks.