Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following accurately describes the primary difference between naturally occurring opioids and semisynthetic opioids?
Which of the following accurately describes the primary difference between naturally occurring opioids and semisynthetic opioids?
In the context of opioid pharmacokinetics, which route of administration typically results in the fastest onset of effect?
In the context of opioid pharmacokinetics, which route of administration typically results in the fastest onset of effect?
Which of the following statements about the history of opium is inaccurate?
Which of the following statements about the history of opium is inaccurate?
What is a common misconception regarding the sources of semisynthetic opioids?
What is a common misconception regarding the sources of semisynthetic opioids?
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Which of the following factors influences the variance in opioid pharmacokinetics between different administration routes?
Which of the following factors influences the variance in opioid pharmacokinetics between different administration routes?
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What was the primary reason that OxyContin was redesigned into a tamper-resistant formulation in 2010?
What was the primary reason that OxyContin was redesigned into a tamper-resistant formulation in 2010?
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In what year were oxymorphone and oxycodone first synthesized?
In what year were oxymorphone and oxycodone first synthesized?
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Which combination of components is marketed as Targin in Germany and Europe?
Which combination of components is marketed as Targin in Germany and Europe?
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What major issue arose following the introduction of OxyContin in 1996?
What major issue arose following the introduction of OxyContin in 1996?
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What effect does naloxone have when combined with oxycodone in Targin?
What effect does naloxone have when combined with oxycodone in Targin?
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Which term correctly defines the drugs that bind to opioid receptors, including both natural and synthetic sources?
Which term correctly defines the drugs that bind to opioid receptors, including both natural and synthetic sources?
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What is the primary natural source of opium that is used to produce opioids?
What is the primary natural source of opium that is used to produce opioids?
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Which of the following drugs is classified as a non-narcotic analgesic?
Which of the following drugs is classified as a non-narcotic analgesic?
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What phenomenon does the term 'narcotic' originally denote?
What phenomenon does the term 'narcotic' originally denote?
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What is the primary disadvantage of using the term 'narcotic' in modern contexts?
What is the primary disadvantage of using the term 'narcotic' in modern contexts?
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How long does the plant Papaver somniferum produce opium in its life cycle?
How long does the plant Papaver somniferum produce opium in its life cycle?
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Which act in the United States created a legal designation for narcotics that included opioids?
Which act in the United States created a legal designation for narcotics that included opioids?
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Which of the following statements about analgesics is true?
Which of the following statements about analgesics is true?
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Which active ingredient was serendipitously isolated by Pierre J. Robiquet in 1821?
Which active ingredient was serendipitously isolated by Pierre J. Robiquet in 1821?
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What is the average codeine content in Indian opium?
What is the average codeine content in Indian opium?
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Which country is recognized as the largest producer and licit supplier of opium?
Which country is recognized as the largest producer and licit supplier of opium?
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Which semisynthetic opioid is derived from codeine and frequently prescribed in the United States?
Which semisynthetic opioid is derived from codeine and frequently prescribed in the United States?
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Who first isolated morphine from opium?
Who first isolated morphine from opium?
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How does hydrocodone compare to codeine in terms of effectiveness for cough suppression?
How does hydrocodone compare to codeine in terms of effectiveness for cough suppression?
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What is the concentration of morphine in the opium supplied by India?
What is the concentration of morphine in the opium supplied by India?
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Which of the following is NOT a common street name for mixtures of prescription-strength codeine cough syrup?
Which of the following is NOT a common street name for mixtures of prescription-strength codeine cough syrup?
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What is the primary source of thebaine since 1999?
What is the primary source of thebaine since 1999?
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What significant event related to morphine occurred in 1831?
What significant event related to morphine occurred in 1831?
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Which of the following countries primarily engages in illicit poppy cultivation?
Which of the following countries primarily engages in illicit poppy cultivation?
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Which of the following opiates is marketed under the trade name 'Dilaudid'?
Which of the following opiates is marketed under the trade name 'Dilaudid'?
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How does the potency of hydrocodone compare to that of morphine?
How does the potency of hydrocodone compare to that of morphine?
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Morphine is commonly sold under which generic name?
Morphine is commonly sold under which generic name?
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Which part of the poppy plant is primarily used for extracting morphine?
Which part of the poppy plant is primarily used for extracting morphine?
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Which of the following opiates is derived solely through synthetic processes rather than naturally?
Which of the following opiates is derived solely through synthetic processes rather than naturally?
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What is the primary legal restriction for the possession of heroin in Canada and the United Kingdom?
What is the primary legal restriction for the possession of heroin in Canada and the United Kingdom?
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What method is primarily used to obtain opium from the poppy seedpod?
What method is primarily used to obtain opium from the poppy seedpod?
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Which country exports the highest amount of poppy straw?
Which country exports the highest amount of poppy straw?
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What percentage of India's exported opium was purchased by the United States in 2013?
What percentage of India's exported opium was purchased by the United States in 2013?
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What is the typical morphine content found in opium cultivated in Afghanistan during the early- to mid-2000s?
What is the typical morphine content found in opium cultivated in Afghanistan during the early- to mid-2000s?
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Which of the following statements about the routes of administration for morphine is accurate?
Which of the following statements about the routes of administration for morphine is accurate?
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What is the primary reason heroin has a greater analgesic effect compared to morphine?
What is the primary reason heroin has a greater analgesic effect compared to morphine?
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How much dry opium is typically required to produce 1 kg of pure heroin?
How much dry opium is typically required to produce 1 kg of pure heroin?
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Which of the following substances is classified as a Schedule I drug in the United States?
Which of the following substances is classified as a Schedule I drug in the United States?
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In comparison to morphine, how does the potency of heroin change due to its chemical structure?
In comparison to morphine, how does the potency of heroin change due to its chemical structure?
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What is a common recreational form of heroin that is known for its sticky texture?
What is a common recreational form of heroin that is known for its sticky texture?
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Which of the following opioids is not used medically in the United States?
Which of the following opioids is not used medically in the United States?
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What is a key distinction in the administration routes of oxycodone compared to codeine?
What is a key distinction in the administration routes of oxycodone compared to codeine?
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Study Notes
Opioid and Narcotic Drugs
- Opioids and opiates are often used interchangeably. Opiates refer to naturally occurring opium constituents, while opioids include semisynthetic and fully synthetic substances that bind to opioid receptors.
- Narcotic analgesics and narcotics are another term for opioids. The term comes from the Medieval Latin "narcoticum," meaning "to make stiff or numb." Technically, a narcotic is a drug that causes sleep, producing analgesia (pain relief) and sleepiness. Acetaminophen and Aspirin are examples of non-narcotic analgesics.
- The Harrison Narcotic Act of 1914 defined marijuana and cocaine as narcotics, along with opioids. The Narcotic Control Act of 1961 (Canada) regulated habit-forming drugs.
- The term "narcotic" is avoided. Opioid is used as a more accurate term.
Origins and Sources
- Papaver somniferum (opium poppy) is the primary natural source of opium. Opium is produced for a short period (10 days) after the petals fall off.
- Opium is manufactured when opium poppy seedpods are scored to collect the milky fluid (latex).
- India is the world's largest opium producer. India exports from 300 to 600 tons of opium annually. The largest importing country is the United States, with approximately 60% of India's exports.
- Bulk of opium is used to extract active ingredients. Other sources include: Poppy straw (all parts except seeds), is another source of active ingredients.
- Afghanistan, Laos, and Myanmar are major cultivators of illicit opium poppies.
Active Constituents
- Morphine is the most abundant active constituent of opium and poppy straw. It was first isolated by Frederick Sertürner in 1805.
- Morphine is used widely in medicine for pain management.
- The opium from India contains about 9.5 to 12% morphine.
- Codeine is another opioid, naturally occurring in opium, and manufactured semi-synthetically from morphine. It's an active ingredient in many over-the-counter cough medicines.
- Other active constituents include: Thebaine, which is used to create other semisynthetic opioids.
Other Opioid Drugs
- Heroin is a semisynthetic opioid derivative, chemically modifying morphine by adding two acetyl groups.
- Heroin is more lipid soluble than morphine, reaching the brain more quickly.
- Other synthetic opioids: Sufentanil, levorphanol, pentazocine, and tramadol.
- Methadone is a synthetic opioid used as a treatment for opioid addiction. (Methadone is sometimes administered orally, so it's readily available.)
- OxyContin is a high-dose, controlled-release, orally administered tablet of Oxycodone that is highly susceptible to misuse. (Important to note for potential abuse.)
- Desmethylprodine (MPPP): A meperidine analog.
- Carfentanil: An extremely potent fentanyl derivative, used for animal tranquilization, dangerous in high doses to humans.
- Suboxone: Combines buprenorphine and naloxone and used in opioid maintenance therapy.
- LAAM: A more recently discontinued opioid maintenance therapy drug.
Routes of Administration
- Opioid drugs are orally administered as tablets, capsules, and syrups. Other routes include subcutaneous injections, transdermal patches (for prolonged action), intranasal (snorting), smoking, intravenous (IV) injection (for rapid effect).
- Recreational routes, such as injecting, smoking, or snorting, are common.
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Description
Explore the classifications and origins of opioids and narcotics in this informative quiz. Learn about the differences between opiates and opioids, the history of narcotic regulation, and the natural sources of opium. Test your knowledge on crucial concepts related to pain relief and drug classification.
