Myasthenia Gravis vs Multiple Sclerosis
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Questions and Answers

Which disorder is characterized by an autoimmune attack on the protective covering of nerves in the central nervous system?

  • Muscular Dystrophy
  • Multiple Sclerosis (correct)
  • Guillain-Barré Syndrome
  • Myasthenia Gravis

    • What common condition is associated with Guillain-Barré Syndrome that can trigger its onset?

  • Thymus gland malfunction
  • Respiratory infection (correct)
  • Genetic mutation
  • Nutritional deficiency

    • Which of the following statements is true regarding the symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis?

  • Muscle weakness improves after rest (correct)
  • Symptoms worsen after rest
  • Symptoms are only present at birth
  • Symptoms include vision problems

    • What is a distinguishing feature of Multiple Sclerosis when compared to Myasthenia Gravis and Guillain-Barré Syndrome?

    <p>Genetic predisposition is common</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition may increased levels of cerebrospinal fluid protein be observed?

    <p>Guillain-Barré Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle does Myasthenia Gravis primarily affect?

    <p>Skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders is associated with muscle spasms and fatigue as neurological symptoms?

    <p>Multiple Sclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the thymus gland play in Myasthenia Gravis?

    <p>It plays a role in antibody production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is specific to Myasthenia Gravis?

    <p>Muscle weakness improves after rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of Guillain-Barré Syndrome?

    <p>Triggered by a gastrointestinal infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder primarily affects the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Guillain-Barré Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition has no increase in cerebrospinal fluid protein levels?

    <p>Myasthenia Gravis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurological symptoms is associated with Multiple Sclerosis?

    <p>Vision problems and muscle spasms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the thymus gland play in Myasthenia Gravis?

    <p>It contributes to the production of antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders is NOT classified as a genetic disorder?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom experienced by patients with Guillain-Barré Syndrome?

    <p>Muscle weakness that progresses to paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary issue in prerenal disease?

    <p>Reduced blood flow to the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do kidney stones contribute to the development of pyelonephritis?

    <p>By blocking urine flow, leading to stagnant urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of chronic renal failure is characterized by a GFR greater than 90 mL/min?

    <p>Stage 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of autoimmune conditions like lupus on the kidneys?

    <p>Direct damage to kidney tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by a GFR of 45 mL/min?

    <p>Moderate reduction in kidney function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if kidney stones are left untreated?

    <p>They can lead to kidney damage due to blockage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about urinary stasis due to kidney stones?

    <p>It provides an environment for bacterial growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of chronic kidney disease on the body?

    <p>Increased risk of urinary infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which renal disease is primarily caused by a decrease in blood flow due to ineffective heart pumping?

    <p>Prerenal Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequence can occur when kidney stones obstruct urinary flow?

    <p>Stagnant urine leading to infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of chronic renal failure is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) between 30 and 59 mL/min?

    <p>Stage 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which autoimmune condition directly causes intrarenal kidney disease by attacking kidney tissue?

    <p>Lupus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common result of untreated kidney stones?

    <p>Kidney infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of chronic renal failure shows kidney damage with a GFR greater than 90 mL/min?

    <p>Stage 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism explains how kidney stones can lead to a buildup of bacteria?

    <p>Urinary stasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the mild reduction in kidney function in Stage 2 chronic renal failure?

    <p>GFR between 60 and 89 mL/min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the kidneys in prerenal disease when there is insufficient blood flow?

    <p>They experience damage due to low blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of kidney disease results primarily from direct damage to the kidney tissue?

    <p>Intrarenal Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature contributes to the higher risk of UTIs in women compared to men?

    <p>Shorter urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of urinary incontinence is defined by urine loss during physical activities such as sneezing or laughing?

    <p>Stress Incontinence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes urge incontinence?

    <p>Sudden, strong urge to urinate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of urinary incontinence involves a mix of both stress and urge incontinence?

    <p>Mixed Incontinence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining symptom of overflow incontinence?

    <p>Involuntary leakage due to a full bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to functional incontinence?

    <p>Inability to reach the bathroom due to physical or mental challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which activities is stress incontinence most likely to occur?

    <p>During physical exertion such as jumping or laughing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes women to have a higher risk for urinary tract infections?

    <p>Anatomical structure of the urinary tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which combination of conditions defines mixed incontinence?

    <p>Stress and urge incontinence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common outcome of a urinary tract infection related to the anatomical predisposition in women?

    <p>Higher susceptibility to infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes irregular ovulation in women diagnosed with PCOS?

    <p>Hormonal imbalance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly associated with the elevated levels of androgens in women suffering from PCOS?

    <p>Excess hair growth (hirsutism)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of insulin resistance in women with PCOS?

    <p>Increased androgen production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the formation of multiple cysts in the ovaries?

    <p>Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of PCOS on a woman's menstrual cycle?

    <p>Irregular or missed periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does PCOS commonly affect a woman's weight?

    <p>Leads to weight gain, particularly around the abdomen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do hormonal imbalances play in the symptoms of PCOS?

    <p>They interfere with egg development and release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recognized symptom of PCOS?

    <p>Increased energy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason women with PCOS may face challenges in conceiving?

    <p>Irregular ovulation or lack of ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of PCOS is mainly responsible for its classification as a hormonal disorder?

    <p>Imbalance in reproductive hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary hormone imbalance is responsible for the ovarian cyst formation in women with PCOS?

    <p>Androgens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is least likely to be directly caused by the hormonal imbalance seen in PCOS?

    <p>High blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism best explains how insulin resistance contributes to PCOS symptoms?

    <p>Elevates androgen production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might weight gain in women with PCOS primarily affect their fertility?

    <p>It alters hormone levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is most likely to complicate the ovulation process in women suffering from PCOS?

    <p>Insulin resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the enlargement of the prostate gland in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?

    <p>An imbalance between cellular proliferation and cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is primarily involved in the pathogenesis of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?

    <p>Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age is a man most likely to be affected by Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?

    <p>Over 50 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does smoking have on erectile dysfunction?

    <p>It damages blood vessels and reduces blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can obesity contribute to erectile dysfunction?

    <p>By causing hormonal imbalances and nerve damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential impact of diabetes on erectile function?

    <p>It causes damage to blood vessels and nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly associated with the enlargement of the prostate in BPH?

    <p>Difficulty urinating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism behind the urinary symptoms associated with BPH?

    <p>Obstruction of urine flow due to prostatic enlargement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do hormones like dihydrotestosterone (DHT) play in prostate health?

    <p>They promote prostate cell growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT commonly linked to erectile dysfunction?

    <p>Regular exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes blood present in urine?

    <p>Hematuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria is most commonly associated with urinary tract infections?

    <p>E. coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by a backup of urine into the kidney?

    <p>Hydronephrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What medical procedure involves the removal of the testes?

    <p>Orchiectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the absence of menstrual periods?

    <p>Amenorrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

    • Autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of antibodies that impede nerve-muscle communication, resulting in muscle weakness.
    • Primarily affects voluntary muscles, which are under conscious control.
    • Not inherited, with the thymus gland commonly involved in antibody overproduction.
    • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein levels do not show significant elevation.
    • Symptoms include muscle weakness that worsens with activity but improves with rest.

    Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

    • Autoimmune disease where the immune system targets the myelin sheath, disrupting communication within the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord.
    • The central nervous system is the main area affected, leading to various neurological impairments.
    • Genetic predisposition may increase the likelihood of developing MS.
    • Symptoms can include vision issues, muscle spasms, and extreme fatigue, often associated with inflammation and resulting scar tissue in the CNS.

    Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)

    • Rare autoimmune disorder causing the immune system to attack peripheral nerves, which are located outside the brain and spinal cord, leading to weakness and potential paralysis.
    • Affects the peripheral nervous system, impacting nerve function outside of the central nervous system.
    • Not considered a hereditary condition, but is often triggered by infections like respiratory or gastrointestinal illnesses.
    • Frequently presents with increased CSF protein levels, which is a distinctive diagnostic feature.
    • Initial symptoms typically begin with weakness and tingling sensations in the legs, escalating towards paralysis if untreated.

    Summary of Differences

    • Myasthenia Gravis involves voluntary muscle weakness due to antibody action, lacks genetic risk, and does not elevate CSF protein levels.
    • Multiple Sclerosis primarily affects the CNS with potential genetic factors and leads to demyelination and scarring.
    • Guillain-Barré Syndrome impacts the PNS, is not genetically linked, and often presents with elevated CSF protein levels.

    Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

    • Autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of antibodies that impede nerve-muscle communication, resulting in muscle weakness.
    • Primarily affects voluntary muscles, which are under conscious control.
    • Not inherited, with the thymus gland commonly involved in antibody overproduction.
    • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein levels do not show significant elevation.
    • Symptoms include muscle weakness that worsens with activity but improves with rest.

    Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

    • Autoimmune disease where the immune system targets the myelin sheath, disrupting communication within the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord.
    • The central nervous system is the main area affected, leading to various neurological impairments.
    • Genetic predisposition may increase the likelihood of developing MS.
    • Symptoms can include vision issues, muscle spasms, and extreme fatigue, often associated with inflammation and resulting scar tissue in the CNS.

    Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)

    • Rare autoimmune disorder causing the immune system to attack peripheral nerves, which are located outside the brain and spinal cord, leading to weakness and potential paralysis.
    • Affects the peripheral nervous system, impacting nerve function outside of the central nervous system.
    • Not considered a hereditary condition, but is often triggered by infections like respiratory or gastrointestinal illnesses.
    • Frequently presents with increased CSF protein levels, which is a distinctive diagnostic feature.
    • Initial symptoms typically begin with weakness and tingling sensations in the legs, escalating towards paralysis if untreated.

    Summary of Differences

    • Myasthenia Gravis involves voluntary muscle weakness due to antibody action, lacks genetic risk, and does not elevate CSF protein levels.
    • Multiple Sclerosis primarily affects the CNS with potential genetic factors and leads to demyelination and scarring.
    • Guillain-Barré Syndrome impacts the PNS, is not genetically linked, and often presents with elevated CSF protein levels.

    • Prerenal Disease: Characterized by reduced blood flow to the kidneys, impacting their filtering ability.

      • Heart Failure: The heart's ineffectiveness in pumping blood can lead to kidney issues due to insufficient blood supply.

    • Intrarenal Disease: Involves damage to the kidney tissue itself due to internal factors.

      • Autoimmune Conditions (e.g., Lupus): The immune system's attack on the body's own tissues can result in direct harm to the kidneys, leading to intrarenal disease.

    • Postrenal Disease: Arises from obstructions hindering urine flow from the kidneys.

      • Kidney Stones: These stones can block urine exit, creating a risk of kidney damage if the blockage persists.

    How Kidney Stones Can Lead to a Kidney Infection

    • Blockage: Kidney stones may obstruct the urinary tract, causing urine retention.
    • Urinary Stasis: Accumulated stagnant urine serves as a breeding ground for bacteria.
    • Infection: Bacterial growth can lead to pyelonephritis, a serious kidney infection.

    Chronic Renal Failure Stages and Filtration Rate

    • Stage 1: Kidney damage is present, but function remains largely normal.

      • GFR: Greater than 90 mL/min, indicating normal or increased filtration.

    • Stage 2: Mild decrease in kidney function observed.

      • GFR: Ranges from 60 to 89 mL/min, showing slight reduction in filtration capacity.

    • Stage 3: Noticeable decline in kidney function.

      • GFR: Between 30 to 59 mL/min, reflecting significant reduction in filtration rate.

    • Stage 4: Severe impairment of kidney function.

      • GFR: Falls between 15 to 29 mL/min, indicating very low filtration effectiveness.

    • Stage 5: Represents complete kidney failure.

      • GFR: Less than 15 mL/min, necessitating interventions like dialysis or kidney transplant for survival.

    Summary

    • Prerenal Disease: Results from heart failure, which impacts kidney blood flow.
    • Intrarenal Disease: Caused by conditions like lupus, which damage kidney tissue directly.
    • Postrenal Disease: Kidney stones can obstruct urine flow, potentially leading to health complications.
    • Chronic Renal Failure: Progresses through five stages, with filtration effectiveness deteriorating until failure occurs at Stage 5.

    • Prerenal Disease: Characterized by reduced blood flow to the kidneys, impacting their filtering ability.

      • Heart Failure: The heart's ineffectiveness in pumping blood can lead to kidney issues due to insufficient blood supply.

    • Intrarenal Disease: Involves damage to the kidney tissue itself due to internal factors.

      • Autoimmune Conditions (e.g., Lupus): The immune system's attack on the body's own tissues can result in direct harm to the kidneys, leading to intrarenal disease.

    • Postrenal Disease: Arises from obstructions hindering urine flow from the kidneys.

      • Kidney Stones: These stones can block urine exit, creating a risk of kidney damage if the blockage persists.

    How Kidney Stones Can Lead to a Kidney Infection

    • Blockage: Kidney stones may obstruct the urinary tract, causing urine retention.
    • Urinary Stasis: Accumulated stagnant urine serves as a breeding ground for bacteria.
    • Infection: Bacterial growth can lead to pyelonephritis, a serious kidney infection.

    Chronic Renal Failure Stages and Filtration Rate

    • Stage 1: Kidney damage is present, but function remains largely normal.

      • GFR: Greater than 90 mL/min, indicating normal or increased filtration.

    • Stage 2: Mild decrease in kidney function observed.

      • GFR: Ranges from 60 to 89 mL/min, showing slight reduction in filtration capacity.

    • Stage 3: Noticeable decline in kidney function.

      • GFR: Between 30 to 59 mL/min, reflecting significant reduction in filtration rate.

    • Stage 4: Severe impairment of kidney function.

      • GFR: Falls between 15 to 29 mL/min, indicating very low filtration effectiveness.

    • Stage 5: Represents complete kidney failure.

      • GFR: Less than 15 mL/min, necessitating interventions like dialysis or kidney transplant for survival.

    Summary

    • Prerenal Disease: Results from heart failure, which impacts kidney blood flow.
    • Intrarenal Disease: Caused by conditions like lupus, which damage kidney tissue directly.
    • Postrenal Disease: Kidney stones can obstruct urine flow, potentially leading to health complications.
    • Chronic Renal Failure: Progresses through five stages, with filtration effectiveness deteriorating until failure occurs at Stage 5.

    Higher Risk of UTIs in Women

    • Women face a greater risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs) due to anatomical differences.
    • The shorter length of the urethra in women allows bacteria to reach the bladder more easily, increasing infection likelihood.

    Types of Urinary Incontinence

    • Stress Incontinence:

      • Involves involuntary urine loss triggered by pressure on the bladder.
      • Common during activities like coughing, sneezing, laughing, or jumping.

    • Urge Incontinence:

      • Characterized by a sudden, intense urge to urinate, often resulting in leakage before reaching a bathroom.
      • Typically associated with larger volumes of urine.

    • Mixed Incontinence:

      • A combination of stress and urge incontinence.
      • Symptoms may occur concurrently; leakage might happen during physical activities and sudden urges.

    • Overflow Incontinence:

      • Results in frequent dribbling of urine due to incomplete bladder emptying.
      • The bladder remains overly full, contributing to continuous leakage.

    • Functional Incontinence:

      • Urine loss occurs not due to issues with the urinary system itself, but external factors.
      • Often happens due to physical or mental barriers to reaching the bathroom, such as mobility issues or cognitive impairments like dementia.

    Overview of PCOS

    • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the leading cause of infertility in women in the U.S.
    • Often affects women of reproductive age and is characterized by hormonal imbalances.

    Pathogenesis of PCOS

    • Hormonal Imbalance:

      • Ovaries produce abnormal amounts of androgens, hindering egg development and release.

    • Menstrual Irregularity:

      • Hormonal imbalance can cause irregular or missed periods, complicating ovulation prediction.

    • Ovarian Cysts:

      • Small, fluid-filled sacs form in the ovaries, representing immature eggs not released due to hormonal issues.

    • Insulin Resistance:

      • Many women with PCOS exhibit insulin resistance, leading to higher insulin levels that increase androgen production.

    Symptoms of PCOS

    • Excess Hair Growth (Hirsutism):

      • Unwanted hair growth can appear on the face, chest, and back due to elevated androgen levels.

    • Acne and Oily Skin:

      • Increased androgen levels contribute to oiliness of the skin and propensity for acne.

    • Weight Gain:

      • Commonly observed in women with PCOS, particularly around the abdominal area.

    • Infertility:

      • Irregular ovulation or anovulation poses challenges for conception in affected women.

    Summary of Impacts

    • PCOS leads to significant health issues, including infertility, due to hormonal imbalances, irregular menstrual cycles, and various physical symptoms.

    Overview of PCOS

    • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the leading cause of infertility among women in the U.S.
    • It is a hormonal disorder affecting women of reproductive age.

    Characteristics of PCOS

    • PCOS is marked by an imbalance in reproductive hormones.
    • This hormonal imbalance results in various symptoms impacting reproductive health.

    Pathogenesis of PCOS

    • Hormonal Imbalance:
      • Ovaries produce excessive androgens, interfering with egg development and release.
    • Menstrual Irregularity:
      • Irregular or missed menstrual periods arise from hormonal disruptions, complicating ovulation prediction and conception efforts.
    • Ovarian Cysts:
      • Immature eggs that fail to release accumulate, forming multiple small, fluid-filled sacs in the ovaries.
    • Insulin Resistance:
      • Many women with PCOS exhibit insulin resistance, where body cells poorly respond to insulin, leading to elevated insulin levels that can worsen androgen production.

    Symptoms of PCOS

    • Hirsutism: Increased androgens result in unwanted hair growth on the face, chest, back, and other areas.
    • Acne and Oily Skin: Higher androgen levels cause skin to become oilier, increasing acne risk.
    • Weight Gain: Weight gain is common among women with PCOS, particularly abdominal fat.
    • Infertility: Irregular or absent ovulation contributes to challenges in conceiving.

    Summary of Impacts

    • PCOS is a prevalent hormonal disorder that leads to infertility through hormonal imbalances, cyst formation, and a range of physical symptoms, including excess hair growth and weight gain.

    Pathogenesis of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

    • Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) refers to the non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland.
    • BPH primarily impacts men above the age of 50 and is one of the most prevalent conditions in older men.
    • A key feature of BPH is cellular imbalance, where the proliferation of prostate cells exceeds their rate of death.
    • Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a hormone, significantly stimulates prostate cell growth, contributing to the enlargement process.
    • Symptoms of BPH arise as the enlarged prostate exerts pressure on the urethra, leading to urinary difficulties such as frequent urination and incomplete bladder emptying.

    Causes of Erectile Dysfunction

    • Smoking is detrimental to erectile function as it damages blood vessels, impairing blood flow necessary for achieving or maintaining an erection.
    • Obesity is associated with multiple health complications, including reduced blood flow, hormonal irregularities, and nerve damage, all of which can lead to erectile dysfunction.
    • Diabetes adversely affects blood vessels and nerves critical for erectile function; poor management of blood sugar levels can heighten the risk of erectile dysfunction.

    Urinary and Reproductive System Terms

    • Hematuria: Presence of blood in urine, can indicate urinary tract issues or kidney problems.

    • Amenorrhea: Absence of menstrual periods; may signal hormonal imbalances or health issues in females.

    • E. coli: The most common bacteria responsible for urinary tract infections (UTIs), often found in the gastrointestinal tract.

    • Testicular cancer: Most prevalent form of cancer among males aged 15 to 35 in the U.S.; early detection is critical for treatment success.

    • Nephrolithiasis: Also known as kidney stones; a condition characterized by the formation of hard mineral deposits in the kidneys.

    • Bacterial Vaginosis (BV): A bacterial infection often ascending from the vagina, can lead to complications if untreated.

    • Hydronephrosis: A condition where urine backs up into the kidney, often resulting from obstructions in the urinary tract.

    • Delayed puberty: Refers to the lack of secondary sex characteristics development by age 13 in females, may require medical evaluation.

    • Orchiectomy: Surgical procedure involving the removal of one or both testicles, often performed in cases of testicular cancer or severe injury.

    • Pyuria: Presence of white blood cells in urine; often indicates infection or inflammation in the urinary tract.

    • Digital rectal exam: An assessment tool used to evaluate for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), involves a physical examination of the prostate.

    • Oligomenorrhea: Infrequent menstrual periods, can be a sign of underlying reproductive health issues or hormonal imbalance.

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    Description

    Dive into the differences between Myasthenia Gravis and Multiple Sclerosis, two autoimmune disorders that affect muscle and nerve function. This quiz will test your knowledge on symptoms, causes, and impacts of these conditions on the nervous system. Understand their unique characteristics to better differentiate between them.

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