Myasthenia Gravis and Meningitis Quiz

<p>Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myasthenia gravis primarily affects the myoneural junction while multiple sclerosis affects the central nervous system myelin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Septic and aseptic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viral infection or secondary to other causes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neisseria meningitidis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Changes in LOC, behavioral changes, and stiff neck (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inability to completely extend the leg when the thigh is flexed on the abdomen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brudzinski sign (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bradycardia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The patient is unable to completely extend the leg when the thigh is flexed on the abdomen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce inflammation in the brain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintaining infection control precautions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased level of consciousness and seizures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CT-guided aspiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Initiating seizure precautions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serum electrolytes, urine volume, and specific gravity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corticosteroids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the patient's neck is flexed, flexion of the knees and hips is produced. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Providing a quiet, controlled, darkened room. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To improve function and reduce circulating antibodies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibiotics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A respiratory infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle weakness with respiratory and bulbar involvement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overmedication with cholinesterase inhibitors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Administering sedatives and tranquilizers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To mobilize secretions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recognizing the signs and symptoms of these crises (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To avoid situations that trigger pain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Second and third branches (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver toxicity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>15 to 45 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facial exercises and massage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduce inflammation and severity of the disorder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Encouraging the chewing of hard foods (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bell's Palsy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facial stimulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gabapentin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weakness in lower extremities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loss of vision (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reduce circulating antibodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased dizziness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20-50 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interferon therapies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vital capacity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passive range of motion exercises (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colder northern latitudes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trigeminal neuralgia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incorporate relaxation techniques (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elastic compression hoses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

A type of meningitis caused by bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae or Neisseria meningitidis.

A type of meningitis caused by a viral infection, often secondary to a weakened immune system or cancer.

A sign where the patient's neck cannot be fully flexed due to muscle spasms.

A sign where the patient experiences pain and resistance when their leg is extended at the knee while lying with their thigh flexed.

A sign where flexing the patient's neck causes involuntary flexing of their knees and hips.

The space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater, filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

The innermost layer of the meninges, directly adjacent to the brain and spinal cord.

An autoimmune disorder affecting the neuromuscular junction, causing varying degrees of voluntary muscle weakness. Antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors at the myoneural junction, disrupting nerve impulses.

The initial stage of myasthenia gravis, primarily affecting the muscles controlling eye movement, leading to double vision (diplopia) and drooping eyelids (ptosis).

Advanced stage of myasthenia gravis affecting various muscle groups, including facial muscles, swallowing, voice, and limbs. Weakness can also affect breathing muscles (intercostal muscles), potentially leading to respiratory failure.

A severe complication of myasthenia gravis where breathing muscles weaken, leading to respiratory failure. This requires immediate medical attention.

A test used to diagnose myasthenia gravis by administering an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, which temporarily improves muscle strength. (Atropine is kept on stand-by to manage potential side effects.)

A collection of infected matter within the brain tissue.

A serious neurological condition characterized by inflammation of brain tissue, often caused by viral infections.

Elevated intracranial pressure, often a complication of meningitis or brain abscess.

Fluid and volume expanders are given to treat dehydration and shock.

Dexamethasone is a corticosteroid that helps reduce inflammation and swelling in the brain.

Antibiotics are key for treating bacterial meningitis, and they should be given early and in high doses.

These medications are given to help prevent and manage seizures that can occur with meningitis or brain abscess.

A serious condition in myasthenia gravis where the muscles become extremely weak, especially affecting breathing and swallowing. It's often triggered by infections or stress.

A condition caused by overmedication with cholinesterase inhibitors, leading to muscle weakness, breathing problems, and other serious symptoms.

Used to manage both myasthenic and cholinergic crises. It involves ensuring adequate ventilation and support for breathing, which may include intubation and mechanical ventilation.

An important part of managing crises, it involves monitoring the patient's respiratory system, blood gases, electrolytes, fluid intake and output, and weight.

They are avoided in myasthenic and cholinergic crises, as they can worsen breathing difficulties and heart function.

A treatment option for myasthenia gravis, it involves removing the thymus gland, which may be involved in the production of antibodies that attack muscle cells.

A treatment option for myasthenia gravis, it involves giving a concentrated dose of antibodies collected from healthy donors to help suppress the immune system and reduce harmful antibodies.

A treatment option for myasthenia gravis, it involves removing harmful antibodies from the blood plasma, helping to improve muscle function.

A condition characterized by severe, sudden, sharp facial pain that typically affects one side of the face.

Most common area affected by trigeminal neuralgia, usually felt in the cheek, upper jaw, lower jaw, or around the eye.

The most likely cause of trigeminal neuralgia, which involves blood vessels pressing on the trigeminal nerve.

A common age range for the onset of trigeminal neuralgia, with higher rates in women.

A common trigger for trigeminal neuralgia, leading to excruciating facial pain.

This medication is often used to manage trigeminal neuralgia to help reduce pain episodes.

A surgical treatment for trigeminal neuralgia, which involves moving a blood vessel away from the nerve.

A facial paralysis caused by inflammation of the facial nerve, usually on one side of the face.

A common sign of Bell's Palsy where one side of the face droops or becomes weak, making it difficult to control facial expressions.

A medication used to reduce inflammation in Bell's Palsy.

An autoimmune disorder that attacks the myelin sheath surrounding peripheral nerves, causing rapid demyelination and potentially leading to respiratory failure and autonomic dysfunction.

A progressive immune-related demyelination disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by varying clinical manifestations and patterns.

Guillain-Barré Syndrome often follows a viral infection, typically 1-3 weeks prior to symptom onset, with maximum weakness peaking within 2-4 weeks.

Common manifestations of Guillain-Barré Syndrome include muscle weakness, paralysis, tingling sensations, pain, and diminished reflexes. It typically progresses symmetrically from the lower extremities upwards, involving the cranial nerves and autonomic nervous system.

Medical management for Guillain-Barré Syndrome involves intensive care with continuous monitoring and respiratory support due to weakened respiratory muscles. This may include intubation and mechanical ventilation.

Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) are used to reduce circulating antibodies in patients with Guillain-Barré Syndrome.

Ongoing assessment of vital capacity, negative inspiratory force, and vital signs, including continuous ECG monitoring, is essential to detect life-threatening complications of respiratory failure, cardiac dysrhythmias, and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in Guillain-Barré Syndrome patients.

Collaborative care for Guillain-Barré Syndrome focuses on managing potential complications such as respiratory failure, autonomic dysfunction, DVT, pulmonary embolism, urinary retention, communication difficulties, nutritional challenges, anxiety, and pressure injuries.

Major goals for Guillain-Barré Syndrome patients include improving respiratory function, increasing mobility, enhancing nutritional status, facilitating effective communication, reducing fear and anxiety, ensuring effective patient and family coping, and preventing complications.

Nursing interventions for Guillain-Barré Syndrome patients include supporting limb positioning, performing passive range of motion exercises, frequent position changes, using compression stockings or devices, ensuring adequate hydration, administering IV or parenteral nutrition, and carefully assessing swallowing and gag reflexes.

Developing individualized communication plans, providing information and support, referring to support groups, promoting relaxation measures, maintaining a positive attitude, and offering recreational activities are nursing interventions for Guillain-Barré Syndrome patients aimed at decreasing fear and anxiety.

Disease-modifying therapies such as interferon beta-1a, interferon beta-1b, glatiramer acetate, and intravenous methylprednisolone are used to manage Multiple Sclerosis.

Symptom management for Multiple Sclerosis involves addressing muscle spasms (Baclofen, benzodiazepines), fatigue (amantadine, pemoline, dalfampridine), ataxia (beta-blockers), bowel and bladder control (anticholinergics, alpha-adrenergic blockers, antispasmodics). Additionally, managing visual disturbances, pain, and risk for urinary tract infections (UTIs), as well as addressing osteoporosis in perimenopausal women, is crucial.

Nursing care for Multiple Sclerosis patients involves monitoring for neurologic deficits, secondary complications, and the impact of the disease on physical, social, emotional functions, and lifestyle. Additionally, promoting physical mobility, preventing injury, achieving bowel and bladder continence, promoting speech and swallowing mechanisms, improving cognitive function, developing coping strengths, enhancing home maintenance, and adapting to sexual function are crucial aspects of care.

Nursing interventions for Multiple Sclerosis patients include collaborative approaches, coordination and referral to healthcare services, promoting activity and rest with appropriate exercise programs, addressing bowel and bladder control, reinforcing swallowing instructions, implementing strategies to reduce aspiration risks, utilizing memory aids and structured environments to enhance cognitive function, minimizing stress through individualized educational plans, maintaining a temperate environment, using assistive devices for home care management, and supporting coping mechanisms.