Podcast
Questions and Answers
During which stage of embryonic development is the embryo highly susceptible to teratogens and produces major morphological changes?
During which stage of embryonic development is the embryo highly susceptible to teratogens and produces major morphological changes?
What is the mechanism of action of alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide?
What is the mechanism of action of alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide?
Which of the following is an example of a teratogen that affects growth or functional aspects of the fetus?
Which of the following is an example of a teratogen that affects growth or functional aspects of the fetus?
What is the effect of CN toxicity on the fetus?
What is the effect of CN toxicity on the fetus?
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What is the mechanism of action of 5-fluorouracil?
What is the mechanism of action of 5-fluorouracil?
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Which of the following is an example of a teratogen that affects the embryo through a deficiency of energy supply?
Which of the following is an example of a teratogen that affects the embryo through a deficiency of energy supply?
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What is the result of a chemical transformation caused by a mutagen?
What is the result of a chemical transformation caused by a mutagen?
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What type of agents can cause a permanent alteration in the genetic information of a cell?
What type of agents can cause a permanent alteration in the genetic information of a cell?
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What is the effect of alkylating agents on DNA?
What is the effect of alkylating agents on DNA?
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What is the purpose of 5-bromouracil, 5-fluoroeoxyuridine, 2-aminopurine, and 6-mercaptopurine?
What is the purpose of 5-bromouracil, 5-fluoroeoxyuridine, 2-aminopurine, and 6-mercaptopurine?
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What is the term for the process by which a mutagen causes a mutation?
What is the term for the process by which a mutagen causes a mutation?
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What is the term for an agent that can cause a mutation?
What is the term for an agent that can cause a mutation?
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What is the effect of carbon monoxide on the fetus?
What is the effect of carbon monoxide on the fetus?
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What is the result of mercury pollution in pregnant women?
What is the result of mercury pollution in pregnant women?
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What is the effect of vinyl chloride on sperm?
What is the effect of vinyl chloride on sperm?
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What is the effect of lead on pregnancy?
What is the effect of lead on pregnancy?
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What is the effect of rubella infection during pregnancy?
What is the effect of rubella infection during pregnancy?
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What is the effect of syphilis infection during pregnancy?
What is the effect of syphilis infection during pregnancy?
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What is a potential risk to a male fetus if estrogens are administered during pregnancy?
What is a potential risk to a male fetus if estrogens are administered during pregnancy?
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Which of the following is a potential consequence of a mother taking diethylstilbestrol (DES) during the 1st trimester?
Which of the following is a potential consequence of a mother taking diethylstilbestrol (DES) during the 1st trimester?
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What is a potential complication of ACE inhibitors and Angiotensin-II receptor Antagonists administration during pregnancy?
What is a potential complication of ACE inhibitors and Angiotensin-II receptor Antagonists administration during pregnancy?
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What is the mortality rate of Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn (PPHN) associated with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)?
What is the mortality rate of Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn (PPHN) associated with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)?
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What is the risk of poor neonatal adaptation (PNA) syndrome associated with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) exposure in late pregnancy?
What is the risk of poor neonatal adaptation (PNA) syndrome associated with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) exposure in late pregnancy?
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What is a potential consequence of androgens and progesterone administration during pregnancy?
What is a potential consequence of androgens and progesterone administration during pregnancy?
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What is the result of unequal division of chromosomes during cell division?
What is the result of unequal division of chromosomes during cell division?
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What is the term for the study of the etiology of abnormal development?
What is the term for the study of the etiology of abnormal development?
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What is the effect of colchicine on cell culture?
What is the effect of colchicine on cell culture?
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What is the term for a cell with a single chromosome instead of a pair?
What is the term for a cell with a single chromosome instead of a pair?
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What is the effect of alkylating agents and ionizing radiation on chromosomes?
What is the effect of alkylating agents and ionizing radiation on chromosomes?
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During which stage of development is the embryo NOT susceptible to teratogenic agents?
During which stage of development is the embryo NOT susceptible to teratogenic agents?
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Study Notes
Genetic Diseases and Chromosomal Breaks
- Genetic diseases like Bloom's syndrome and Fanconi's anemia are associated with chromosomal breaks.
- Chemicals and ionizing radiation can induce chromosome breakage.
- Normal chromosome count is 23 pairs; pairs 1-22 are somatic (autosomal), while pair 23 are sex chromosomes (XX for females, XY for males).
Chromosome Aberrations
- Aneuploidy refers to a numerical imbalance in chromosomes due to unequal division, resulting in cells with extra (trisomy) or fewer (monosomy) chromosomes.
- Polyploidy indicates a complete set numerical change in chromosomes; caused by agents like colchicine, vinca alkaloids, and podophyllotoxin.
Teratology
- Teratology studies abnormal development and birth defects.
- Teratogen susceptibility differs by developmental stage:
- Pre-implantation Stage: No susceptibility to teratogens; embryo either dies or is unaffected.
- Embryonic Stage: High susceptibility to teratogens leads to major morphological changes, especially in the brain and face.
- Fetogenesis Stage: Reduced sensitivity; teratogens affect growth/function rather than morphology.
Mechanism of Action of Teratogens
- Teratogens impair nucleic acids, inhibit enzymes, deplete energy sources, and create substrate deficiencies:
- Alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide alter nucleic acids.
- Methotrexate hinders folic acid formation, crucial for cell division.
- Energy supply issues may arise from glucose deficiencies and various toxic exposures.
- Nutritional deficiencies in vitamins and minerals can impact embryonic development.
Mutagenicity and Teratogenicity
- Mutagens are agents that cause permanent genetic alterations, including radiation, chemotherapeutics, and carcinogens.
- Types of mutations influenced by mutagens:
- Chemical transformations (e.g., HNO2’s action on DNA bases).
- Base analog incorporation (e.g., cancer drugs such as 5-bromouracil).
- Alkylating agents modify DNA structure.
Types of Teratogens
- Pollutants: Lead and carbon monoxide can lead to severe fetal complications like abortion and growth retardation.
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Chemical Exposure:
- Vinyl chloride is linked to sperm damage.
- Methyl mercury exposure, as seen in the Minamata disaster, leads to severe developmental issues.
Infections as Teratogens
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Viral Infections:
- Rubella (German measles) causes significant fetal damage (e.g., deafness, blindness).
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Bacterial Infections:
- Syphilis can result in severe neurological and developmental impairments.
Hazardous Drugs During Pregnancy
- Certain medications can cause serious developmental issues if taken during pregnancy:
- Androgens and progesterone: may masculinize female fetuses.
- Estrogens: may feminize male fetuses and cause spermatogenesis issues.
- Diethylstilbestrol (DES): linked to rare cancers in daughters of mothers who took it.
- Other drugs like ACE inhibitors and SSRIs can lead to various adverse fetal outcomes, including serious neonatal conditions such as Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn (PPHN).
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of mutagenicity and teratogenicity, including gene mutations, chromosome aberrations, and the mechanisms of teratogens. It also explores various types of teratogens, such as pollution, infections, and maternal diseases.
