Musculoskeletal System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is not a type of fibrous joint?

  • Syndesmosis
  • Ball and Socket (correct)
  • Gomphoses
  • Sutures

What type of joint would you classify a knee joint as?

  • Ball and Socket Joint
  • Condyloid Joint
  • Saddle Joint
  • Hinge Joint (correct)

What is the primary function of a bursa?

  • Reduce friction between tissues (correct)
  • Absorb shock between bones
  • Provide structural support to joints
  • Store synovial fluid

Which type of arthritis is characterized by the body's immune system attacking its own tissues?

<p>Rheumatoid Arthritis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes a cartilage tear?

<p>Damage due to overuse of cartilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of cartilaginous joints?

<p>Connected by hyaline or fibrocartilage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'diarthroses' refer to?

<p>Freely movable joints (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of a synovial joint?

<p>Joint cavity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of skeletal muscle?

<p>Voluntary and contains the longest muscle fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue sheath surrounds groups of muscle fibers called fascicles?

<p>Perimysium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature is unique to cardiac muscle compared to skeletal muscle?

<p>Found only in the heart (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of muscle tissue refers to the ability to recoil to its resting length after being stretched?

<p>Elasticity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily occurs in the A band of a sarcomere?

<p>Cross bridges form between thin and thick filaments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the I bands in a sarcomere?

<p>Light band representing thin filaments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the H zone represent within a sarcomere?

<p>Only thick filaments are present (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle is categorized as involuntary and non-striated?

<p>Smooth muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle contraction involves muscle shortening while performing work?

<p>Concentric contraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the latent period of a muscle twitch?

<p>Cross bridges begin to cycle, but no muscle tension is generated (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT affect the strength of a muscle contraction?

<p>Rate of muscle relaxation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which energy generation pathway can last up to 60 seconds during muscle activity?

<p>Anaerobic Glycolysis Pathway (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a fixator muscle during movement?

<p>To stabilize the base of the prime mover (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes an isometric contraction?

<p>It creates tension without shortening the muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a motor unit?

<p>A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle serves to assist prime movers by reducing undesirable movements?

<p>Synergist (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a movement that involves bringing two bones closer together at a joint?

<p>Flexion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a third class lever arrangement, which of the following sequences represents the correct order of components?

<p>Load -&gt; Effort -&gt; Fulcrum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle movement involves moving a limb towards the body's midline?

<p>Adduction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a power lever?

<p>Effort is applied near the fulcrum, and a large load is moved over a short distance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement refers to turning the sole of the foot laterally?

<p>Eversion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lever configuration has the load situated between the fulcrum and the effort?

<p>Second Class Lever (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a speed lever arrangement?

<p>Load is located far from the fulcrum and requires more effort to move. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'circumduction' describe?

<p>Moving a limb in a circular motion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the sarcoplasmic reticulum play during muscle contraction?

<p>It stores and releases calcium ions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for the synchronized contraction of muscle fibers?

<p>T tubules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs at the Z discs during muscle contraction?

<p>They are pushed toward the M line. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do smooth muscle contractions primarily differ from skeletal muscle contractions?

<p>Smooth muscle can sustain longer contractions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the I bands during muscle contraction?

<p>They shorten as the thin filaments are pulled. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural component directly binds to actin during skeletal muscle contraction?

<p>Myosin heads (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure assists in the rapid transmission of action potentials in muscle cells?

<p>T tubules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the contraction of myofibrils during muscle contraction?

<p>Thin filaments slide past thick filaments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is NOT part of a synovial joint?

<p>Fibrous capsule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint allows for the most movement?

<p>Diarthroses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of a tendon sheath?

<p>To reduce friction between tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a symptom of osteoarthritis?

<p>Softening and roughening of cartilage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fibrous joint is specifically found between the teeth and their sockets?

<p>Gomphoses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the condition when ligaments are stretched or torn?

<p>Sprain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which joint provides limited gliding movements between nearly flat surfaces?

<p>Gliding/Plane joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of arthritis is characterized by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood?

<p>Gouty arthritis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle contraction occurs when a muscle lengthens while generating force?

<p>Eccentric (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a prime mover in muscle movement?

<p>To produce a specific movement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of a muscle twitch does muscle tension begin to increase as cross bridges are activated?

<p>Period of contraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the degree of stretch affect the strength of a muscle contraction?

<p>Stretched beyond 100% of resting length increases force (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event occurs when the myosin heads bind to actin during muscle contraction?

<p>The sarcomere shortens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of muscle cells is responsible for storing calcium ions?

<p>Sarcoplasmic reticulum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which energy generation pathway provides energy for the shortest duration during muscle activity?

<p>Direct Phosphorylation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do T tubules facilitate muscle contraction?

<p>By carrying action potentials into deep muscle regions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a motor unit composed of?

<p>A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the arrangement of terminal cisternae with T tubules in muscle fibers?

<p>A triad (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect the frequency of muscle stimulation?

<p>Duration of muscle contractions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of synergist muscles during movement?

<p>To assist prime movers by adding force (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During muscle contraction, what happens to the H zone?

<p>It disappears. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is unique to smooth muscle contraction compared to skeletal muscle?

<p>Sustained longer contractions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the sarcolemma during muscle contraction?

<p>Transmit action potentials. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which manner does smooth muscle communicate contractions among cells?

<p>Through gap junctions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature is unique to smooth muscle compared to skeletal muscle?

<p>Involuntary control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of muscle tissue allows it to respond to stimuli?

<p>Excitability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue sheath directly surrounds individual muscle fibers?

<p>Endomysium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Z disc in a sarcomere?

<p>Anchors thin filaments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle tissue is responsible for body mobility?

<p>Skeletal muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the A band in a sarcomere?

<p>Comprises thick filaments and some overlap with thin filaments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do thick and thin filaments interact during the process of contraction?

<p>They slide past each other, forming cross bridges (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cardiac muscle?

<p>Pumps blood throughout the body (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle movement involves bending the joint to decrease the angle between two bones?

<p>Flexion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When moving a limb away from the body's midline, which type of movement is occurring?

<p>Abduction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which lever system is the load situated between the fulcrum and the effort?

<p>Second Class Lever (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a power lever in terms of effort and load?

<p>Little effort needed as fulcrum is far from load (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement involves turning the sole of the foot medially?

<p>Inversion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true regarding the third class lever?

<p>Effort is applied between the load and fulcrum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the relationship between a mechanical advantage lever and the load distance?

<p>Small effort can lift heavy loads a short distance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the movement termed supination?

<p>Turning the palm upwards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Synovial Joints

Freely movable joints, containing a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid.

Cartilaginous Joints

Joints with limited movement, connected by either hyaline or fibrocartilage, lacking a joint cavity.

Fibrous Joints

Immovable or slightly movable joints, connected by fibrous tissues and having no joint cavity.

Sprain

An injury to the ligaments surrounding a joint. Ligaments stretched or torn.

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Dislocation

Displacement of bones at a joint.

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Osteoarthritis

Joint degeneration due to "wear and tear", causing cartilage damage.

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Rheumatoid Arthritis

An autoimmune disease where the body attacks its own joint tissues.

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Gouty Arthritis

Joint inflammation caused by excessive uric acid deposits.

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Skeletal muscle characteristics

Long fibers, striated, voluntary, responsible for movement, rapid contractions needing rest periods.

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Cardiac muscle characteristics

Found only in the heart, striated, involuntary, steady rate of contraction, stimulated by nervous system.

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Smooth muscle

Located in hollow internal organs, non-striated, involuntary, moves fluids/substances.

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Muscle tissue characteristics

Excitability (respond to stimuli), Contractility (shorten), Extensibility (extend), Elasticity (recoil).

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Muscle connective tissue sheaths

Epimysium (outermost), Perimysium (fascicle covering), Endomysium (individual fiber covering).

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Sarcomere components

A band (dark), I band (light), H zone (center of A band), Z disc (boundary).

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Myofilaments in sarcomere

Thick filaments (myosin) in A band, thin filaments (actin) in I and part of A band, attached to Z discs.

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Muscle contraction principle

Thick and thin filaments link to create cross-bridges crucial for muscle contraction.

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Flexion

A bending movement that decreases the angle of a joint, bringing two bones closer together.

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Extension

A bending movement that increases the angle of a joint, straightening the limb.

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Abduction

Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body along the frontal plane.

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Adduction

Movement of a limb towards the midline of the body along the frontal plane.

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Supination

Turning the palm of the hand upwards, facing anteriorly.

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Pronation

Turning the palm of the hand downwards, facing posteriorly.

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First-class lever

A lever where the fulcrum is positioned between the effort and the load. Example: raising and lowering your head.

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Second-class lever

A lever where the load is positioned between the fulcrum and the effort. Example: standing on tiptoes.

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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A network of smooth tubules surrounding each myofibril, primarily responsible for storing and releasing calcium ions. Its larger parts, called terminal cisternae, form channels at the junction of the A band and I band.

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T Tubules

Tubular extensions of the sarcolemma (muscle cell membrane) that penetrate deep into the muscle fiber. They carry action potentials (electrical signals) from the sarcolemma to the interior of the muscle cell, ensuring rapid and coordinated contraction.

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Terminal Cisternae

Expanded regions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that store and release calcium ions, crucial for initiating muscle contraction.

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Triad

A structural unit within a muscle fiber composed of two terminal cisternae flanking a T tubule. This arrangement ensures efficient transmission of action potentials from the sarcolemma into the muscle fiber's interior, triggering muscle contraction.

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Sliding Filament Model

The mechanism by which muscles contract. It explains how thin filaments (actin) slide over thick filaments (myosin) within sarcomeres, shortening the muscle fiber. This sliding is driven by the interaction of myosin heads with actin, powered by ATP.

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How does smooth muscle contraction differ from skeletal muscle contraction?

Smooth muscle contractions are slower, more sustained, and controlled by the autonomic nervous system, unlike skeletal muscle which is controlled voluntarily. Communication between smooth muscle cells via gap junctions allows for synchronized contractions. Smooth muscle does not have striations and its myosin filaments are different.

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What happens during muscle contraction?

During muscle contraction, myosin heads on thick filaments bind to actin on thin filaments, creating cross-bridges. These cross-bridges pull the thin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere, shortening the muscle fiber. This process requires energy, which is supplied by ATP.

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What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?

Calcium ions are essential for muscle contraction. They bind to troponin on thin filaments, causing a conformational change that exposes binding sites for myosin heads. This allows myosin to interact with actin and initiate the sliding filament process.

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Isotonic Contractions

Muscle contractions that involve a change in muscle length, either shortening (concentric) or lengthening (eccentric).

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Isometric Contractions

Muscle contractions where muscle length remains constant, but muscle tension increases.

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Motor Unit

A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.

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Latent Period (Muscle Twitch)

The brief delay between stimulation of a muscle fiber and the beginning of muscle contraction.

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Period of Contraction (Muscle Twitch)

The time during which the muscle fiber is actively shortening.

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Period of Relaxation (Muscle Twitch)

The time during which the muscle fiber is returning to its resting length.

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Direct Phosphorylation

A rapid, high-energy system used for short bursts of muscle activity, lasting about 15 seconds.

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Anaerobic Glycolysis

A process that produces ATP without oxygen, used for moderate-intensity exercise, lasting 30-60 seconds.

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Aerobic Respiration

The primary energy source for sustained, long-duration muscle activity, lasting hours.

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Factors Affecting Muscle Strength

The strength of a muscle contraction is influenced by: (1) The number of muscle fibers recruited, (2) The size of the muscle fibers, (3) The frequency of stimulation, and (4) The degree of stretch.

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Prime Mover

The muscle responsible for the primary movement of a joint.

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Antagonist Muscle

The muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover.

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Synergist Muscle

Muscles that assist the prime mover in producing a specific movement.

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Fixator Muscle

A muscle that stabilizes a bone or joint to allow the prime mover to work effectively.

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Hinge Joint

A synovial joint that allows movement in only one plane, like a door hinge. Examples: Elbow, knee, and ankle.

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Ball-and-Socket Joint

A synovial joint with the greatest range of motion, allowing movement in all planes. Examples: Shoulder and hip.

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Cartilage Tear

A tear or damage to the cartilage between bones, often caused by overuse or injury.

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Lyme Disease Symptoms

Lyme disease is transmitted by ticks and can cause joint pain, arthritis, neurological damage, and fever.

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Skeletal Muscle Features

Skeletal muscles are the longest muscle fibers, have striations, are voluntary, and are responsible for body mobility. They contract rapidly and need periods of rest.

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Cardiac Muscle Features

Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart, is striated, is involuntary, and contracts at a steady rate. It's stimulated by the nervous system.

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Smooth Muscle Features

Smooth muscle lines the walls of hollow visceral organs, is not striated, is involuntary, and forces fluids/substances through channels. It's made of elongated cells.

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Sarcomere Structure

A sarcomere is the basic unit of muscle contraction. It contains A bands (dark), I bands (light), H zone (center of A band), and Z discs (boundary of sarcomere).

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Arrangement of Myofilaments in Sarcomere

Thick filaments (myosin) are located in the A band and are connected in the middle at the M line. Thin filaments (actin) extend across the I band and partway into the A band, anchored to the Z disc.

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Smooth Muscle Contraction

Smooth muscle contractions are slower, more sustained, and controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Communication between smooth muscle cells via gap junctions allows for synchronized contractions.

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Study Notes

Joint Classifications

  • Three structural classifications of joints: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.
  • Three functional classifications of joints: synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly movable), and diarthroses (freely movable).

Synovial Joint Structure

  • Basic structure of a synovial joint: articular cartilage, synovial cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels.

Bursae and Tendon Sheaths

  • Bursae: fluid-filled sacs reducing friction between tissues.
  • Tendon sheaths: tubular bursae surrounding tendons.

Joint Types

  • Fibrous joints: sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses.
  • Cartilaginous joints: synchondroses (hyaline cartilage), symphyses (fibrocartilage).

Joint Movement Differences

  • Hinge joints: movement on one plane only.
  • Pivot joints: rotation around a single axis.
  • Ball-and-socket joints: movement on all planes.
  • Saddle joints: movement on two planes and some rotation.
  • Plane/gliding joints: limited gliding or sliding movement between flat surfaces.

Definitions

  • Sprain: stretched or torn ligaments.
  • Dislocation: bones forced out of alignment.
  • Cartilage tear: damage to cartilage due to overuse.

Arthritis Types

  • Osteoarthritis: "wear and tear" arthritis, cartilage softening and roughening.
  • Rheumatoid arthritis: autoimmune disorder.
  • Gouty arthritis: uric acid buildup in joints.
  • Lyme disease: symptoms include joint pain, arthritis, neurological damage, fever; transmitted by ticks.

Muscle Types

  • Skeletal muscle: longest fibers, striated, voluntary, responsible for body movement.
  • Cardiac muscle: found in the heart, striated, involuntary.
  • Smooth muscle: walls of hollow visceral organs, involuntary.

Muscle Tissue Characteristics

  • Excitability: ability to receive and respond to stimuli.
  • Contractility: ability to shorten when stimulated.
  • Extensibility: ability to be stretched.
  • Elasticity: ability to recoil to resting length after being stretched.

Muscle Cell Structures

  • Sarcoplasmic reticulum: stores calcium.
  • T tubules: transmit action potentials.
  • Sarcolemma: muscle cell membrane.
  • Terminal cisternae: storage and release sites for calcium ions.
  • Triad: structure linking sarcolemma to sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Sliding Filament Model

  • Muscle contraction occurs when nervous stimulation triggers myosin heads binding to actin, causing sliding of thin filaments.

Smooth Muscle Contraction

  • Communication via gap junctions.
  • Slow, synchronized contractions.
  • Sustained contractions.
  • Controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

Muscle Contraction Types

  • Isotonic contractions: muscle shortening while generating force (concentric or eccentric).
  • Isometric contractions: muscle tension without shortening.

Motor Units

  • Motor unit: a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.

Muscle Twitch Phases

  • Latent period: time between stimulation and contraction (no tension).
  • Contraction period: cross-bridges active, muscle shortens.
  • Relaxation period: calcium levels decrease, muscle returns to resting length.

ATP Generation

  • Direct phosphorylation (15 seconds): creatine phosphate + ADP -> ATP + creatine
  • Anaerobic glycolysis (30-60 seconds): glucose -> 2 ATP + lactic acid
  • Aerobic respiration (hours): glucose + oxygen -> 32 ATP + CO2 + H2O

Muscle Strength Factors

  • Number of muscle fibers recruited.
  • Size of muscle fibers.
  • Frequency of stimulation.
  • Degree of muscle stretch.

Muscle Movement Types

  • Flexion: decreases angle at a joint.
  • Extension: increases angle at a joint.
  • Abduction: movement away from the midline.
  • Adduction: movement toward the midline.
  • Supination: turning palm upward.
  • Pronation: turning palm downward.
  • Protraction: anterior movement.
  • Retraction: posterior movement.
  • Inversion: turning sole inward.
  • Eversion: turning sole outward.
  • Elevation: raising a part of the body.
  • Depression: lowering a part of the body.
  • Dorsiflexion: bending the foot upward.
  • Plantar flexion: bending the foot downward.
  • Opposition: touching the thumb to other fingers.
  • Circumduction: circular movement of a limb.

Levers

  • First class lever: fulcrum between load and effort (e.g. head).
  • Second class lever: load between fulcrum and effort (e.g. standing on tiptoes).
  • Third class lever: effort between load and fulcrum (e.g. forearm flexion).

Muscle Fascicle Arrangements

  • Circular: fascicles arranged in concentric rings.
  • Convergent: broad origin, fascicles converge toward a single tendon.
  • Parallel: fascicles arranged parallel to the muscle's long axis.
  • Pennate: fascicles attach obliquely to a central tendon.

Muscle Names

  • Muscle location (e.g., temporalis).
  • Muscle shape (e.g., trapezius).
  • Muscle size (e.g., maximus, brevis).
  • Muscle direction (e.g., rectus).
  • Number of origins (e.g., biceps).
  • Location of attachments (e.g., sternocleidomastoid).
  • Muscle action (e.g., flexor, extensor).

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Description

Test your knowledge on the musculoskeletal system with this quiz covering joints, muscle types, and tissue characteristics. Questions explore various types of joints, muscle function, and structural details of the system. Perfect for students studying anatomy and physiology.

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