Musculoskeletal System Quiz

The small saphenous vein empties into the popliteal vein, located behind the knee.

Pectoralis major is the most powerful adductor and medial rotator of the arm. It's a large muscle located in the chest.

The plantar arterial arch is formed by the medial and lateral plantar arteries. It's located in the sole of the foot.

A comminuted fracture involves multiple bone fragments. It's a serious type of fracture where the bone is broken into several pieces.

The bicipital groove in the humerus houses the long head of the biceps tendon. It's a groove on the upper arm bone.

The parathyroid hormone increases calcium levels in the blood by acting directly on bones. It helps regulate calcium balance in the body.

Calcitonin decreases plasma calcium concentration by promoting the absorption of calcium into bones. It's a hormone that helps regulate calcium levels.

The central axillary lymph nodes receive lymph from the lateral, subscapular, and pectoral lymph nodes. They are located in the armpit area.

The Vastus Medialis muscle, located on the medial side of the thigh, plays a crucial role in preventing the kneecap (patella) from dislocating. It helps stabilize the patella by pulling it inwards during knee extension.

A pathological fracture is a break in a bone caused by an underlying disease, such as osteoporosis, cancer, or infection. It occurs when the bone is already weakened and unable to withstand normal stress.

Osteomyelitis due to tuberculosis commonly affects the spine, leading to skeletal abnormalities. This occurs because tuberculosis bacteria can infect and weaken the vertebral bones, resulting in deformities.

The Abductor Hallucis muscle, located on the medial side of the foot, is innervated by the Medial Plantar Nerve. It is responsible for moving the big toe away from the other toes.

Senile and postmenopausal osteoporosis can be prevented and treated by supplementing with calcium and vitamin D. Calcium is essential for strong bones, and vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium.

The Z disk is a structure in muscle fibers where actin filaments attach and extend in both directions. It is crucial for muscle contraction because it provides a point of attachment for the thin filaments.

The Great Saphenous Vein travels superficially to the fascia lata (a tough fibrous membrane covering the thigh muscles) and anterior to the medial condyle of the tibia and femur (knee joint).

The Patella, or kneecap, is a sesamoid bone found in the tendon of the Quadriceps Femoris muscle. It's not specifically related to the Quadratus Femoris muscle.

The Na-K pump, also known as the sodium-potassium pump, is a protein found in the cell membrane that actively transports sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell and potassium ions (K+) into the cell. This process requires energy and is essential for maintaining the electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane, which is vital for nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and other cellular processes. Each cycle of the pump moves 3 Na+ ions out and 2 K+ ions in, generating a potential difference which is approximately -3mV because there are more positive charges leaving the cell.

Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles that are found in the walls of internal organs, such as the stomach, intestines, bladder, and blood vessels. They are responsible for various functions, including digestion, blood pressure regulation, and bladder control. Unlike skeletal muscles, smooth muscles are not directly controlled by conscious thought. They can be stimulated in various ways, namely by the autonomic nervous system, hormones, and local factors like stretch However, smooth muscles are not directly stimulated by somatic nerves. Somatic nerves control voluntary movements like conscious muscle contractions.

Primary ossification centers are regions within developing bones where bone formation initially begins. These centers start to appear in the long bones around the 12th week of intrauterine life. They serve as the foundation for the growth and development of long bones.

Joint mice are small pieces of cartilage or bone that break off from the articular cartilage within a joint. They can be caused by conditions like osteoarthritis, trauma, or a loose body within the joint. They are free-floating and can cause pain, stiffness, and locking of the joint.

Fusiform refers to the spindle-shaped structure of smooth muscle cells, which are thick in the middle and taper at both ends. This shape makes it possible for these cells to contract and relax easily.

The plantaris tendon is responsible for plantar flexion of the foot. It is often injured in athletes, especially tennis players, due to overuse and repetitive stress on the tendon. It is more commonly injured than the tendo calcaneus (Achilles tendon).

The profunda brachii artery, also known as the deep brachial artery, is a branch of the brachial artery. Running with the radial nerve, in the radial groove of the humerus, known as the spiral groove, it supplies blood to the muscles in the posterior compartment of the arm.

The bicipital aponeurosis is a flat, triangular sheet of fibrous tissue that is an extension of the biceps brachii tendon. It covers the coracobrachialis muscle and plays a role in stabilizing the shoulder joint.

The left gluteus medius is responsible for abducting (moving away from the body) the hip. It's a key muscle in walking and maintaining balance.

During blood pressure measurement, the stethoscope is placed over the brachial artery, which is located in the cubital fossa (the crease of the elbow), to listen for the sounds of blood flow.

The deep peroneal nerve innervates the tibialis anterior muscle, which plays a crucial role in dorsiflexing (bending the foot upwards) and inverting (turning the sole inward) the foot.

An injury to the common peroneal nerve would cause an inability to evert the foot (turn the sole outward). This nerve controls the muscles responsible for this movement.

Bone resorption is the process where osteoclasts, specialized cells, break down bone tissue, releasing calcium and other minerals into the bloodstream.

C fibers are responsible for transmitting slow, dull, aching pain, which is often described as throbbing or burning. They are unmyelinated, which accounts for the slower transmission speed.

Enkephalins are endogenous opioid peptides that act as neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. They inhibit pain transmission by binding to opioid receptors in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, reducing the release of pain signal neurotransmitters like glutamate and substance P.

Lambert-Eaton Syndrome is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against presynaptic calcium channels. This leads to impaired release of acetylcholine, causing muscle weakness.

Damage to the ulnar nerve can lead to a characteristic 'claw hand deformity', characterized by hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal joints and flexion of the interphalangeal joints of the fourth and fifth fingers.

The Na-K-ATPase pump plays a crucial role in maintaining the concentration gradient of ions across the cell membrane. It actively moves 3 sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell for every 2 potassium ions (K+) pumped in. This process requires energy and helps establish and maintain the resting membrane potential.

The subscapularis muscle is the primary medial rotator of the arm. It plays a vital role in shoulder stability and movement.

Osteogenesis imperfecta is a genetic disorder that affects collagen synthesis, leading to bones that are brittle and prone to multiple fractures. It often presents with bowing of the long bones.

The T-tubules are invaginations of the muscle membrane that carry the action potential into the interior of the muscle cell, ensuring that the signal reaches all sarcomeres simultaneously for effective muscle contraction.

The coracoclavicular ligament is a strong ligament connecting the coracoid process of the scapula to the clavicle. It helps to stabilize the shoulder joint, preventing excessive movement and dislocation.

Thalidomide is a teratogenic drug that can cause severe limb deformities in fetuses. It was widely used in the 1950s and 1960s as a sedative and anti-nausea medication before its harmful effects were discovered.

The nipple is typically located in the 4th intercostal space, lateral to the mid-clavicular line. This is a consistent anatomical landmark used for various clinical assessments.

Ascorbate, also known as Vitamin C, acts as a coenzyme in the hydroxylation process during collagen synthesis. It's essential for the formation of strong collagen fibers.

The medial malleolus is a prominent bony projection on the inner side of the ankle. It is formed by the distal end of the tibia, the main weight-bearing bone in the lower leg.

The common peroneal nerve controls the muscles responsible for eversion (turning the foot outwards). Injury to this nerve can lead to difficulty in everting the foot, resulting in a characteristic foot drop.

The sartorius muscle is the longest muscle in the human body. It allows for hip flexion, abduction (moving the leg away from the body), and lateral rotation of the thigh.

Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when the median nerve is compressed at the wrist. This compression can cause numbness, tingling, and pain in the hand and fingers.