53 Questions
How does an infection in a joint affect the musculoskeletal system?
Causes degeneration of the articular surfaces of the bones
What percentage of accidental deaths in individuals ≥75 years of age are due to falls?
70%
Why are musculoskeletal diseases and injuries considered significant?
As they can affect independence, productivity, and quality of life
What is the fifth leading cause of death in individuals >65 years of age?
Trauma
How many hospital admissions result from visits to the emergency department for injurious falls among older individuals?
29.6%
Which component of the musculoskeletal system is responsible for connecting bones to muscles?
Tendons
According to the passage, which hormone is responsible for increasing the amount of calcium in the blood by promoting absorption of calcium from the gastrointestinal tract?
Calcitriol (biologically active vitamin D)
Which of the following is not a function of parathyroid hormone (PTH) according to the passage?
Increasing the deposit of calcium in bone
According to the passage, what is the primary function of calcitonin?
To inhibit bone resorption
The passage states that excessive production of which hormone in adults can result in increased bone resorption over new bone formation, leading to net bone loss?
Thyroid hormone
According to the passage, what is the recommended daily calcium intake for females over the age of 50 and for males over 71?
1,200 mg
Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as a source of dietary calcium?
Broccoli
What is the primary function of the musculoskeletal system mentioned in the text?
Providing protection for vital organs
In what process are red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets produced in bone cavities?
Hematopoiesis
Why do muscles attached to the skeleton contract?
To produce heat that helps maintain body temperature
What is the main function of joints in the musculoskeletal system?
Facilitating movement of the body
Which type of bone tissue is also known as compact bone?
Cortical bone
Where is more than 98% of total body calcium present according to the text?
In the bones
What is the primary function of osteoclasts in bone tissue?
Dissolving and resorbing bone
What is the primary role of osteoblasts in bone formation?
Secreting bone matrix
Which cell type is essential for proper bone remodeling?
Osteocytes
What is the primary function of the periosteum in bone structure?
Facilitating bone growth
Which mineral salts are primarily deposited in the bone matrix?
Calcium and phosphorus
Where are osteoprogenitor cells located within the bone?
In the periosteum
What is found in the interior of bones and forms a lattice-like pattern?
Cancellous bone
What is the primary function of the endosteum, as described in the passage?
To line the inner surface of the bone marrow cavity and spaces in cancellous bone
According to the passage, which type of bone marrow is responsible for producing red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in adults?
Red bone marrow
What is the primary process that occurs in bone by early adulthood, according to the passage?
Remodeling
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as an influence on the balance between bone resorption and formation?
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
According to the passage, what is the primary reason why people who are unable to engage in regular weight-bearing activities have increased bone resorption and weakened bones?
Calcium loss leads to osteopenia and weak bones
What is the primary reason that bone remodeling is understood to be an imbalance between osteoclast and osteoblast activity in postmenopausal females and older males?
Osteoclast activity increases while osteoblast activity decreases with age
What is the primary reason that bone is considered a dynamic tissue in a constant state of turnover, according to the passage?
Bone is continuously being resorbed and reformed through remodeling
According to the passage, what is the primary function of nutrient arteries in bone?
To supply blood to the bone marrow
What is the primary reason that bone subjected to continued weight-bearing activity tends to be thick and strong, according to the passage?
Weight-bearing activity stimulates osteoblast activity and bone formation
According to the passage, what is the primary reason that bone growth is completed by the early fourth decade, when bone is most robust?
Osteoblast activity peaks during this time period
What is the primary role of macrophages during the hematoma formation stage of bone fracture healing?
To remove damaged, necrotic tissue caused by ischemia
What is the primary function of the soft tissue callus formed during the inflammatory phase of bone fracture healing?
To establish a connection between the bone fragments
Which of the following processes does NOT occur during the inflammatory phase of bone fracture healing?
Osteoclast activity
What is the primary function of the fibrin formed during the hematoma formation stage of bone fracture healing?
To provide a framework upon which new bone will grow
During which stage of bone fracture healing do fibroblasts from the periosteum, endosteum, and bone marrow produce a bridge between the fractured bones?
Inflammatory phase
What is the primary purpose of the growth factors released by inflammatory cells during the hematoma formation stage of bone fracture healing?
To stimulate the activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts
What is the primary function of matrix vesicles during the reparative phase of fracture healing?
To regulate calcification and calcium deposition in the cartilage callus
What is the primary process that occurs during primary bone healing in cases of open fixation techniques?
Cortical bone (Haversian) remodeling with minimal cartilaginous callus formation
Which of the following joints is classified as a synchondrosis according to the information provided?
Epiphyseal or growth plates
According to the information provided, what is the primary factor that influences the rate of fracture healing?
All of the above factors influence the rate of fracture healing
During the remodeling phase of fracture healing, what is the primary process that occurs?
The new bone is remodeled into its former structural arrangement
Which type of joint is characterized by the presence of a cavity and the ability to move?
Synovial or diarthrodial
Which type of joint is characterized by the ability to move in multiple directions, such as the shoulder and hip joints?
Ball and socket joint
What is the primary function of the synovial fluid within a diarthrodial joint?
To facilitate movement between the articulating bones
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of normal synovial fluid according to the passage?
Has a high viscosity
What is the primary role of ligaments and muscle tendons in a synovial joint?
To stabilize the joint
Which type of joint is characterized by the presence of a fibrocartilage disk between the articular cartilage surfaces, such as the knee joint?
Synovial joint
What is the primary function of the joint capsule surrounding the articulating bones in a diarthrodial joint?
To enclose and protect the joint
Test your knowledge on the functions and diseases related to the musculoskeletal system, which includes bones, joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and bursae. Understand the integrated nature of these components and how diseases or injuries can impact them.
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