Musculoskeletal System & Bioelectricity Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are the two categories of the endoskeleton?

Visceral and Somatic skeleton (correct)

Dermal and Endoskeleton

Axial and Appendicular skeleton

Cervical and Thoracic vertebrae

Which of the following is NOT part of the somatic skeleton?

Skull

Laryngeal cartilages (correct)

Cervical vertebrae

Ribs

Which vertebrae are characterized by having facets for rib articulation?

Cervical vertebrae

Lumbar vertebrae

Thoracic vertebrae (correct)

Sacral vertebrae

What is the primary component of the extracellular matrix of bone?

Calcium hydroxylapatite (C) Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates lumbar vertebrae from cervical vertebrae?

Lumbar vertebrae have short, blunt spinous processes (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines bone remodelling?

A combination of bone maintenance and resorption (C) Signup and view all the answers

How many cervical vertebrae are present in the vertebral column?

7 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the spinous process of a vertebra?

To serve as an attachment point for muscles and ligaments (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the endosteum in bone structure?

Lines the inner surface of the medullary cavity (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of cartilage is most commonly found in joints?

Hyaline cartilage (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the caudal (coccynx) vertebrae?

They are fused small vertebrae forming the tailbone (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of cartilage?

Forming the outer layer of bone (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which parts comprise the axial skeleton?

Skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of osteoclasts during bone remodelling?

Resorbing bone tissue (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the outer fibrous layer of the periosteum primarily composed of?

Dense layered connective tissue (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the types of bone growth?

Bone modelling is independent of osteoclast activity (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of bone found in the skeleton?

Spongy and compact bone (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are primarily responsible for bone formation?

Osteoblasts (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Haversian canals in compact bone?

They contain blood vessels (B) Signup and view all the answers

How are the lacunae within bone connected?

By canaliculi (B) Signup and view all the answers

What describes spongy bone structure within the medullary cavity?

It forms a network of trabeculae (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of cartilage has a high content of collagen fibers and is found in the intervertebral discs?

Fibrocartilage (C) Signup and view all the answers

What role do osteoclasts have in bone remodeling?

They cause bone erosion or resorption (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT a part of the extracellular matrix of cartilage?

Red blood cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of skeleton consists of the vertebral column, skull, and ribs?

Axial skeleton (D) Signup and view all the answers

What structure in cartilage contains the chondrocytes?

Lacunae (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of connective tissues in the skeletal system?

To provide mechanical support (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements about dermal and endoskeleton is false?

Osteoblasts convert foetal connective tissue into cartilage. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates elastic cartilage from fibrocartilage?

Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers in addition to collagen. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What condition can result from excess growth hormone before the epiphyses have united?

Gigantism (A) Signup and view all the answers

After the epiphyses have united, excess growth hormone leads to what condition?

Acromegaly (A) Signup and view all the answers

What process converts foetal connective tissue into bone and is characteristic of dermal bones?

Intramembranous ossification (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key reason that cartilage cannot withstand gravity as well as bone?

It lacks blood vessels. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of achondroplasia?

Autosomal dominant mutation (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint allows for the most movement?

Synovial joint (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage is best known for its high degree of flexibility due to the presence of elastic fibers?

Elastic cartilage (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is primarily characterized by little movement except during childbirth?

Fibrous joint (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding primary cartilaginous joints?

Only the first rib-sternum does not ossify. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is found between the articular surfaces of synovial joints?

Synovial cavity (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of cartilaginous joints as age advances?

They may ossify. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What role do the superior and inferior articular processes serve in the vertebral column?

They form the joints with adjacent vertebrae. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of the appendicular skeleton?

Clavicle (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is the last part of a long bone to ossify?

Epiphyseal plate (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of damage to the blood supply of an epiphyseal plate in children?

Normal development is delayed or prevented. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are sesamoid bones and where do they develop?

Bones that develop in tendons as they change direction. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral is primarily laid down during the conversion of cartilage to bone by osteoblasts?

Calcium (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do blood vessels influence the epiphyses of long bones during development?

They have no influence until after the epiphyseal plate disappears. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary roles of the structures in the somatic skeleton?

Supporting body weight and enabling movement. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Musculoskeletal System, Nervous System & Bioelectricity

Subject: Musculoskeletal System, Nervous System & Bioelectricity
Course: MNB.1 Skeleton, Bone, Ossification, Somatic Skeleton
Lecturer: Dr. Tom Hodgkinson
Date: 24th September 2024

Learning Outcomes

Learners will be able to discuss the structure of bone and cartilage.
Learners will be able to outline the different categories of the skeleton.
Learners will be able to describe endochondral ossification.
Learners will be able to recall the axial and appendicular skeleton, vertebrae, girdles, and limbs.
Learners will be able to discuss the structure of different types of joints.
Learners will be able to describe the detailed structure of the vertebral column.

Introduction to Bone Biology

The vertebrate skeleton is composed of bone and cartilage for structural support.
Bone is categorized into compact and spongy types.
Compact bone forms the exterior of long bones, being dense and hard.
Spongy bone is found internally in long bones and other bones, and forms a trabecular network between the marrow.
Haversian systems comprise central Haversian canals housing blood vessels, surrounded by concentric lamellae containing osteocytes.
Volkmann canals intersect these systems.

Bone Structure

Lacunae are interconnected by canaliculi, facilitating nutrient supply to osteocytes.
Bone undergoes constant remodeling and adaptation.
Osteoclasts, a type of bone cell, are involved in bone erosion and resorption of damaged bone.
Osteoblasts generate new bone extracellular matrix (approximately 80% calcium phosphate as calcium hydroxyapatite crystals, 20% organic protein, primarily type I collagen).

Bone Remodelling

Bone remodelling is a continuous process of bone maintenance and adaptation.
Bone growth during development can occur independently of osteoclast activity.

Periosteum and Endosteum

Periosteum is a dense layer of vascular connective tissue covering bone; except at joints.
It has outer fibrous and inner osteogenic layers.
Endosteum lines the inner surface of the medullary cavity of long bones.
It is a thin membrane of connective tissue.
Osteoclasts remove bone from the endosteal ("inner") side.

Cartilage

Cartilage functions include supporting soft tissues and providing low-friction surfaces at articulating joints.
Three types of cartilage are discussed: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.
Hyaline cartilage is common, found in articular surfaces.
Elastic cartilage is flexible, in structures like the external ear.
Fibrocartilage has a high collagen content, in the intervertebral disc.

Cartilage Structure

Cartilage is semi-rigid and comprises an extracellular ground substance.
This includes proteoglycans (e.g., Aggrecan), glycosaminoglycans (e.g., chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid), and collagen (e.g., type II).
Chondrocytes reside in lacunae in the cartilage matrix.

Structure of the Skeleton

The skeleton can be categorized into dermal and endoskeleton types.
Dermal skeleton development is different from the endoskeleton.
The endoskeleton is initially formed from cartilage and further categorized into visceral (e.g., larynx cartilages) and somatic skeleton (remainder).
Visceral skeleton refers to the cartilage present in structures such as larynx, tracheal cartilages, etc.

Somatic Skeleton

The somatic skeleton is composed of both the axial and appendicular skeleton types.
Axial skeleton comprises the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum, highlighting regions like cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum and caudal bones (coccix)
Appendicular skeleton includes the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic girdles; together with the bones of the upper limbs (humerus, radius, ulna, etc.) and lower limbs (femur, tibia, fibula etc.)
Sesamoid bones, like the patella, develop in tendons.

Axial Skeleton - Vertebrae

Cervical vertebrae are smaller, have transverse foramina and bifid spinous processes.
Thoracic vertebrae are larger, have long spinous processes and facets for rib articulation.
Lumbar vertebrae are the largest, with short, blunt spinous processes.
The sacrum consists of fused vertebrae into a triangular shape.
Caudal vertebrae, fused to form the tailbone, are small.

Vertebral Column

The vertebral column has spinous processes, serving as muscle and ligament attachment points.
Transverse processes are lateral projections for muscle and ligament attachment.
Superior and inferior articular processes allow articulation with adjacent vertebrae.

Endochondral Ossification

During fetal development, cartilage models the shape of future bones.
Endochondral ossification is the process that converts cartilage to bone.
The epiphyses of long bones, the ends, ossify last.
The epiphyseal plate remains between the diaphysis and epiphyses until ossification is complete.

Endochondral Ossification - Genetic Condition

Achondroplasia is one such genetic condition that affects the capacity for endochondral ossification, especially in long bones.
Achondroplasia affects typical body growth processes.

Joints

Joints are junction sites between two or more bones.
Two fundamental types are non-synovial and synovial.
Non-synovial joints connect bones by fibrous tissue (e.g., sutures of the skull) or cartilage.
Synovial joints involve a joint cavity and specialized synovial membrane producing synovial fluid. This type allows significant range of motion.

Useful Reading

Chapter 40 (838-842) of Biology, Solomon
Chapter 39 on tissue types
Chapter 10 (204-209) of Human Biology, Chiras

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Description

This quiz covers essential topics in the musculoskeletal system, focusing on the structure of bones, cartilage, and the different categories of the skeleton. Students will explore concepts such as endochondral ossification, types of joints, and the vertebral column's structure. Prepare to test your knowledge on bone biology and anatomy!