Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is one of the main functions of the Musculoskeletal System?
What is one of the main functions of the Musculoskeletal System?
Which type of bone serves as a lever for muscle force exertion?
Which type of bone serves as a lever for muscle force exertion?
What additional function does bone serve besides providing shape and support?
What additional function does bone serve besides providing shape and support?
What type of muscle contraction is primarily studied in relation to the Musculoskeletal System?
What type of muscle contraction is primarily studied in relation to the Musculoskeletal System?
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What component connects skeletal muscle to bones?
What component connects skeletal muscle to bones?
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Which nutrient is NOT stored in bones?
Which nutrient is NOT stored in bones?
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How many bones are there in the human body?
How many bones are there in the human body?
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Which type of joint is primarily associated with the movement of bones?
Which type of joint is primarily associated with the movement of bones?
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What is a common symptom of Myasthenia Gravis?
What is a common symptom of Myasthenia Gravis?
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Which of the following best describes the underlying mechanism of Myasthenia Gravis?
Which of the following best describes the underlying mechanism of Myasthenia Gravis?
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What is the prevalence of Myasthenia Gravis estimated to be globally?
What is the prevalence of Myasthenia Gravis estimated to be globally?
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Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of Myasthenia Gravis?
Which of the following is NOT a typical symptom of Myasthenia Gravis?
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Which statement about the antibodies found in Myasthenia Gravis patients is accurate?
Which statement about the antibodies found in Myasthenia Gravis patients is accurate?
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What role do ligaments play in the human body?
What role do ligaments play in the human body?
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Which type of muscle is characterized by involuntary and rhythmic movements?
Which type of muscle is characterized by involuntary and rhythmic movements?
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Which structure surrounds each muscle fiber in a skeletal muscle?
Which structure surrounds each muscle fiber in a skeletal muscle?
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What is the primary component of the organic portion of the bone matrix?
What is the primary component of the organic portion of the bone matrix?
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What initiates muscle contraction according to the sliding filament theory?
What initiates muscle contraction according to the sliding filament theory?
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Which type of bone cell is primarily responsible for bone resorption?
Which type of bone cell is primarily responsible for bone resorption?
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Which ion is primarily involved in triggering the muscle contraction process?
Which ion is primarily involved in triggering the muscle contraction process?
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What is the primary function of proprioceptors?
What is the primary function of proprioceptors?
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What is a characteristic feature of osteons?
What is a characteristic feature of osteons?
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What is the primary role of acetylcholine (ACh) at the neuromuscular junction?
What is the primary role of acetylcholine (ACh) at the neuromuscular junction?
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What role do osteoblasts play in bone health?
What role do osteoblasts play in bone health?
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What structural feature is characteristic of diarthroses joints?
What structural feature is characteristic of diarthroses joints?
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Which protein blocks myosin binding sites on actin filaments?
Which protein blocks myosin binding sites on actin filaments?
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Which risk factor is associated with a higher likelihood of developing osteoporosis?
Which risk factor is associated with a higher likelihood of developing osteoporosis?
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What type of muscle fiber is primarily responsible for voluntary movements?
What type of muscle fiber is primarily responsible for voluntary movements?
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What characterizes the structure of cardiac muscle cells?
What characterizes the structure of cardiac muscle cells?
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How long does it usually take for damaged cartilage to heal?
How long does it usually take for damaged cartilage to heal?
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What characterizes the periosteum?
What characterizes the periosteum?
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Which type of proprioceptor specifically detects stretch in muscles?
Which type of proprioceptor specifically detects stretch in muscles?
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Which of the following diseases is classified as a lower motor neuron disease?
Which of the following diseases is classified as a lower motor neuron disease?
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What is NOT a type of cartilage?
What is NOT a type of cartilage?
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What type of joint is characterized by very limited movement?
What type of joint is characterized by very limited movement?
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What is a primary characteristic of neuromuscular diseases?
What is a primary characteristic of neuromuscular diseases?
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Which part of a muscle fiber is responsible for energy production?
Which part of a muscle fiber is responsible for energy production?
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Which factor contributes to the natural loss of calcium from bones over time?
Which factor contributes to the natural loss of calcium from bones over time?
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What is the primary function of fibroblast-like type B cells in the synovial membrane?
What is the primary function of fibroblast-like type B cells in the synovial membrane?
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What is a common characteristic of osteoarthritis?
What is a common characteristic of osteoarthritis?
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What component of bone is primarily responsible for its hardness?
What component of bone is primarily responsible for its hardness?
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Study Notes
Dr. Ly Vu
- Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UBC
- Scientist at the Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer
- Specializes in Cancer Biology, Molecular Pharmacology, and Molecular Biology
- Teaches PHRM-100 and PHRM 333- Pharmacotherapy in Oncology
Why Study The Musculoskeletal System?
- Provides stability and motility
- Supports and protects soft tissues
- Produces blood cells
- Stores calcium, phosphorus, glycogen, and fat
The Skeletal System: Bone
- Bone is a specialized connective tissue composed of collagen, non-collagenous proteins, and calcified extracellular material
-
Three major bone cell types:
- Osteocytes: Mature bone cells maintaining bone mass
- Osteoblasts: Growing cells that generate new bone
- Osteoclasts: Multinucleated cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling
Bone Anatomy
-
Long Bone structure:
- Epiphysis: The end part of a long bone
- Diaphysis: The shaft or central part of a long bone
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Cross-sectional view:
- Periosteum: Fibrous covering containing blood vessels and osteoblasts
- Hyaline cartilage: Smooth, white cartilage at the ends of bones
- Compact bone: Outer layer of calcified bone
- Spongy bone: Contains red bone marrow
- Marrow cavity: Contains yellow bone marrow
- Endosteum: Osteoblast layer in the marrow cavity
Bone Modeling and Remodeling
- Continuous generation and resorption of bone tissue
- Maintains bone shape and mass; adapts to changes, stresses, and repairs
- Releases calcium into systemic circulation
Bone Loss and Osteoporosis
- Occurs when bone resorption exceeds new bone formation
- Increased fragility of bones
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Risk factors:
- Sex (women at higher risk)
- Age (older people at higher risk)
- Race (white and Asian individuals at higher risk)
- Family history
- Body frame size (smaller body frames have higher risk)
- Hormone levels
- Dietary factors (low calcium intake)
- Medical conditions
The Skeletal System: Cartilage
- Tough, durable connective tissue providing cushioning and protection
-
Three types of cartilage:
- Hyaline cartilage (most common)
- Elastic cartilage
- Fibrocartilage
- Lacks blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves, but is surrounded by perichondrium
- Repair and replacement of injured cartilage is slow due to avascularity and low metabolic rate
Joints
- Where bones meet and articulate
- Allow bending and movements
-
Functional types:
- Synarthroses (no joint cavity)
- Diarthroses (synovial joints, have joint cavity)
Synovial Joints
- Surrounded by articular capsule (encloses the joint)
-
Articular capsule:
- Outer layer: fibrous layer of ligaments
- Inner layer: synovial membrane secreting synovial fluid
- Joint cavity: Area surrounding bone ends containing synovial fluid
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Two types of cells in synovial membrane:
- Type A cells: Macrophage-like, remove debris and regulate inflammation
- Type B cells: Fibroblast-like, produce synovial fluid
Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Both involve inflammation, thinning of cartilage, swelling, pain, stiffness, and immobilization
- Osteoarthritis (OA): Degenerative, progressive, and age-related joint disease
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Autoimmune and inflammatory disease
Connecting Components: Ligaments and Tendons
- Ligaments: Fibrous tissue connecting bone to bone, stabilize joints, provide rotational stability
- Tendons: Strong collagen fibrous tissue connecting muscles to bones, transmit muscle contraction force
The Muscular System: Muscle
-
Three types of muscle:
- Skeletal muscle: Striated, multinucleated, voluntary movements
- Cardiac muscle: Striated, multinucleated, involuntary, vigorous, rhythmic movements
- Smooth muscle: Non-striated, single nucleus, involuntary, slow movements
-
Functions of muscle :
- Movements and posture
- Blood circulation
- Body heat
- Storage of carbohydrates
Skeletal Muscle Anatomy
- Surrounded by connective tissue:
- Epimysium: Covers the entire muscle
- Perimysium: Surrounds fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers)
- Endomysium: Surrounds individual muscle fibers
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Muscle cells/Myofibers:
- Sarcolemma: Plasma membrane
- Sarcoplasm: Cytoplasm
- Multiple nuclei
- Mitochondria: Generate ATP (energy)
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum: Stores calcium
- Microfibrils: Rod-like organelles containing thick and thin myofilaments
- Sarcomeres: Smallest functional unit of striated muscle tissue
- T-tubules: Invaginations of the sarcolemma
Muscle Contraction: Sliding Theory
- Thick filament (Myosin) moves along the thin filament (Actin) using motor heads
-
Steps of muscle contraction:
- Depolarization of muscle membrane
- Release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum
- Binding of calcium to actin
- Sliding of myosin along actin
Neuromuscular System
- How nerves and muscles work together
- Neuromuscular junction: Synapse where a motor neuron connects to a muscle fiber
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Action potential in muscle fibers:
- Motor neuron signal transmission
- Release of acetylcholine (ACh) from synaptic vesicles
- Binding of ACh to nicotinic receptors
- Sodium influx
- Depolarization of muscle fiber
- Propagation of signal
- Degradation of ACh by acetylcholinesterase
Nicotinic Receptor
- Ion-channel linked receptor
- Pentameric protein with two binding sites for acetylcholine
- Opens pore allowing sodium influx
Kinesthesis/Proprioception
- Sense of body movements, position, equilibrium, and force
- Proprioceptors: Nerve fibers that coordinate joint position, tendon/ligament tension, and muscle contraction
The Reflex Arch
- Stereotypic reaction to a trigger
- Harmonizes muscle movements
Proprioception: Stretch Reflex
- Sensory neuron: Conveys changes in muscle length to CNS
- Motor neuron: Sends signal from CNS to muscle
Neuromuscular Diseases
- Disorders affecting muscle function due to problems with nerves and muscles
- Common symptom: Muscle weakness
Types of Neuromuscular Diseases
-
Upper motor neuron diseases:
- Cerebral palsy
- Multiple sclerosis
- Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
- Transverse myelitis
- Cerebro-vascular accident
- Traumatic brain injury
- Spinal cord injury
-
Extrapyramidal diseases:
- Parkinson’s disease
- Friedreich’s ataxia
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
-
Lower motor neuron diseases:
- Spino-muscular atrophy
- Poliomyelitis, acute faccid myelitis
- Peripheral nerve injury
- Guillain-Barre syndrome
- Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
-
Neuromuscular junction diseases:
- Myasthenia Gravis
-
Muscle disorders:
- Dystrophies
- Mitochondrial myopathies
- Ion channel disorders
- Glycogen storage disorders
- Fatty acid oxidation disorders
- Inflammation myopathies
- Endocrine myopathies
- Myopathies associated with a toxic agent
Myasthenia Gravis (MG)
- Autoimmune disorder of neuromuscular transmission
-
Symptoms:
- Ptosis (drooping eyelids)
- Diplopia (double vision)
- Facial expression changes
- Difficulty swallowing
- Shortness of breath
- Dysarthria (impaired speech)
- Weakness in limbs and neck
-
Pathogenesis:
- Production of antibodies against acetylcholine receptors
- Decreased receptor activity and number
- Failed nerve transmission
Summary and Key Points
- The musculoskeletal system is complex and multifaceted
- Each component has distinct functions and structural features
- The musculoskeletal system is interconnected with the central nervous system
- The neuromuscular junction is the point of communication between nerves and muscles
- Understanding drug actions and relevant diseases is crucial
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Description
Test your knowledge on the musculoskeletal system and its functions, along with the basics of bone anatomy. This quiz covers key concepts from PHRM-100 and highlights the importance of the skeletal system in pharmacotherapy for oncology. Evaluate your understanding of bone cells and their roles in maintaining bone health.
