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Questions and Answers
At what age does ossification of the anterior fontanelle typically occur?
At what age does ossification of the anterior fontanelle typically occur?
Which of the following joint types allows for the greatest range of motion?
Which of the following joint types allows for the greatest range of motion?
What is the primary function of skeletal muscle?
What is the primary function of skeletal muscle?
Which of the following movements describes turning the palm of the hand downwards?
Which of the following movements describes turning the palm of the hand downwards?
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What type of muscle is cardiac muscle?
What type of muscle is cardiac muscle?
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Which of the following muscles primarily functions as a prime mover?
Which of the following muscles primarily functions as a prime mover?
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How much of the chemical energy utilized by skeletal muscles goes towards movement, based on the provided information?
How much of the chemical energy utilized by skeletal muscles goes towards movement, based on the provided information?
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Which movement involves turning the sole of the foot inwards?
Which movement involves turning the sole of the foot inwards?
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What is the role of synergistic muscles during movement?
What is the role of synergistic muscles during movement?
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Which connective tissue surrounds the muscle fibers?
Which connective tissue surrounds the muscle fibers?
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What happens to thin filaments during muscle contraction?
What happens to thin filaments during muscle contraction?
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What is the primary function of the neuromuscular junction?
What is the primary function of the neuromuscular junction?
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Which statement about the origin and insertion of muscles is correct?
Which statement about the origin and insertion of muscles is correct?
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What is the functional unit of a muscle?
What is the functional unit of a muscle?
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Which type of nerve supplies sensory function to muscles?
Which type of nerve supplies sensory function to muscles?
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What is a challenge associated with tendon tissue?
What is a challenge associated with tendon tissue?
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What type of bone tissue is found in the skeleton that constitutes the hard connective tissue of the body?
What type of bone tissue is found in the skeleton that constitutes the hard connective tissue of the body?
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Which component of the Haversian system allows for the passage of blood and lymph vessels?
Which component of the Haversian system allows for the passage of blood and lymph vessels?
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What is the primary role of osteoclasts in the skeletal system?
What is the primary role of osteoclasts in the skeletal system?
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What is the function of the periosteum in the skeletal system?
What is the function of the periosteum in the skeletal system?
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Which part of a long bone is primarily responsible for blood cell formation?
Which part of a long bone is primarily responsible for blood cell formation?
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What is the main difference between compact bone and cancellous bone?
What is the main difference between compact bone and cancellous bone?
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What type of ossification occurs in long and irregular bones?
What type of ossification occurs in long and irregular bones?
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Which of these bones is part of the axial skeleton?
Which of these bones is part of the axial skeleton?
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What type of bone marrow is found in adult long bones and serves as a storage area?
What type of bone marrow is found in adult long bones and serves as a storage area?
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What structure forms where the two ends of a long bone meet?
What structure forms where the two ends of a long bone meet?
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Study Notes
Musculoskeletal System
- The musculoskeletal system is comprised of two systems: the skeletal and muscular systems.
- The skeletal system forms the body's bony framework.
- Two types of bone tissue exist: compact and cancellous bone; compact bone is the hardest connective tissue.
- Bone tissue is composed of microscopic structures called Haversian systems.
- Haversian systems consist of: Haversian canal, lamellae, lacunae, and canaliculi.
- The Haversian canal is a central canal for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels.
- Lamellae are concentric plates of bone.
- Lacunae are small spaces between lamellae containing lymph and bone cells (osteocytes).
- Canaliculi are small channels radiating from the Haversian canal to lacunae, supplying nourishment to osteocytes.
- Interstitial lamellae fill spaces between Haversian systems.
- Compact bone differs from cancellous bone in its density; compact bone has Haversian systems, while cancellous bone does not.
- Cancellous bone contains osteocytes in small numbers forming trabeculae, providing a sponge-like appearance.
- Red bone marrow is always present in cancellous bone, filling spaces between trabeculae and producing red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Bone
- Compact bone is denser than cancellous bone.
- Haversian systems are not present in cancellous bone.
- Osteocytes in cancellous bone form trabeculae, giving it a sponge-like appearance.
- In children, all marrow is red.
- In adults, some marrow is yellow. Red bone marrow produces erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes.
- Periosteum covers the outer surface of bone, providing attachment for muscle tendons and ligaments.
- Osteocytes within the bone deposit new bone material.
- Deeper layers have osteoblasts producing new bone.
- Periosteum is not found on the articular surface of bones; hyaline cartilage replaces periosteum in these areas.
Bone Development
- Bone develops from cartilage (long and irregular bones) and membranes (flat bones).
- Long bones have diaphysis, medullary canal, epiphyses, and compact bone surrounding cancellous bone and red marrow.
- Ossification is the conversion of tissue to bone by osteoblasts.
- Osteoblasts become osteocytes when established within lacunae.
Functions of Skeletal System
- Provides support for the body and protection for organs (Cranial, Thoracic, and Pelvic).
- Enables joint formation for movement.
- Provides attachment points for muscles.
- Produces blood cells in red bone marrow in cancellous bone.
- Stores calcium salts.
Axial Skeleton
- Composed of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.
Appendicular Skeleton
- Composed of the shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, and the upper and lower limbs.
Fontanelles
- Joints of the skull are immovable and joined by sutures.
- At birth, fontanelles are not fully formed.
- Fontanelles consist of membranes.
- Anterior and posterior fontanelles close at specific times.
Joints
- Joints can be fibrous (fixed), cartilaginous (slightly moveable), or synovial (freely moveable).
- Synovial joints include ball-and-socket, hinge, gliding, pivot, condyloid, and saddle.
- Synovial joints contain a synovial membrane and fluid.
Muscular System
- All movements require mechanisms.
- Muscular tissue provides movement.
- Muscles consist of elongated cells (several types noted).
- Cardiac (specialised, non-voluntary)
- Striated (skeletal or voluntary, powerful)
- Smooth (unstriped, visceral or involuntary. Not under voluntary control, e.g., vascular muscles)
- Primary function of skeletal muscles is movement.
- Muscles maintain posture and produce heat.
- Skeletal muscle accounts for 40-50% of body weight.
Muscle Structure and Function
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Muscles act in coordinated groups that work together.
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Important groups of muscles includes:
- Prime movers: Initiate and maintain movement.
- Antagonists: Resist and reverse prime mover action, and decelerate movement.
- Synergistic: Cancel out unwanted movements.
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Muscles have connective tissues (epimysium, perimysium, endomysium) for attachment and support.
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Muscles consist of repeating units called sarcomeres, for contraction.
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Sarcomeres contain thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments that slide over one another.
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Muscle contraction is initiated by nerve impulses.
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Nerve impulses trigger the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction.
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Acetylcholine causes calcium release, and leads to muscle contraction.
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Nerves to muscle leave spinal column and terminate at neuromuscular junctions or muscle end plates.
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Muscles are composed of elastic tissues, transmitting the force of contraction to bones.
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Nerves supply sensory and motor information. Sensory information is relayed to positions via proprioceptors. Motor nerves cause muscle contraction.
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Description
Explore the anatomy and physiology of the musculoskeletal system, focusing on the skeletal and muscular systems. Understand the structure of bone tissue, including types such as compact and cancellous bone, and learn about the functions of Haversian systems and their components.
