Musculoskeletal System and Joints

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Questions and Answers

What are the five major functions of the skeletal system?

Support, protection, movement, storage of minerals, blood cell production

Which of the following types of bones is described as having a shape similar to a cube and primarily contains spongy bone?

Irregular bones

Flat bones

Long bones

Short bones (correct)

The _________ is the flat bone with a large flat surface in the body.

cranium

The axial skeleton includes bones of the head and trunk.

True Signup and view all the answers

Match the major bones with their functions:

Patella = Helps protect tendons from wear and tear Clavicle = Supports weight Skull = Acts as a shield protecting vital organs Femur = Major bone involved in movement Signup and view all the answers

Which joints are involved in extending at the knee?

Knees (9-10) Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement is taking place at Neck (3-6)?

Flexing Signup and view all the answers

Match the following major bones with the listed movements:

Upper arm bones = Shoulder Press Hip and knee joints = Squat The shoulder girdle and elbow joints = Pull Up Knee joints, hip joints, pelvis, and spine = Push Up Signup and view all the answers

In which movement, do the feet experience dorsiflexion at point 3?

Squat Signup and view all the answers

During the Pull Up exercise, shoulder protraction occurs.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of synovial joints?

Synovial joints provide movement and stability allowing large movements to occur without being stiff. Signup and view all the answers

Match the term with the definition:

LIGAMENTS = Acts as a cushion for the joints & provides a smooth surface for the end of the bone TENDONS = Connect the articulating bones & provide stability to the joint capsule CARTILAGE = Tough cords of tissue that attach muscle to bone & provide support to the joint SYNOVIAL FLUID = Separates the two articulating bones SYNOVIAL CAVITY = Works with the synovial fluid to act as lubricant and keep the joint moving & cushioned JOINT CAPSULE = Sac-like structures that alleviate friction FIBROUS CAPSULE = Encloses the cavity & contains the fluid SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE = Inward-growing cartilage that absorbs shock, pressure & enhances stability MENISCUS = Encloses the bones & synovial cavity BURSAE = Secretes fluid into the joint Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the articular cartilage on the surface of compact bones?

The articular cartilage prevents jarring and allows bones to move freely on each other. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of structural classifications for joints?

The three types are immovable or fibrous joints, movable or cartilaginous joints, and freely movable or synovial joints. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Skeletal System Functions

Support: provides framework for the body
Movement: allows for movement through muscle attachment
Protection: protects internal organs
Blood Cell Production: produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Storage of Minerals: stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorous
Endocrine Regulation: involved in endocrine regulation

Bones

Types:
- Long bones (e.g. femur, humerus)
- Short bones (e.g. carpals, tarsals, patella)
- Flat bones (e.g. sternum, ribs, scapula)
- Irregular bones (e.g. mandible, vertebrae, sacrum)
- Sesamoid bones (e.g. patella)
Functions:
- Provide protection
- Allow for movement
- Produce blood cells
- Store minerals
- Involved in endocrine regulation

Joints

Types:
- Fibrous joints (immoveable)
- Cartilaginous joints (slightly moveable)
- Synovial joints (freely moveable)
Synovial joints:
- Allow for movement and provide stability
- Features: ligaments, tendons, cartilage, synovial fluid, joint capsule, fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, meniscus, bursae

Anatomical Terms

Superior: towards the head
Inferior: towards the feet
Anterior: towards the front
Posterior: towards the back
Medial: towards the midline of the body
Lateral: towards the side of the body
Proximal: towards the body's mass
Distal: away from the body's mass

Movement

Types:
- Flexion: decrease in joint angle
- Extension: increase in joint angle
- Abduction: movement away from the midline of the body
- Adduction: movement towards the midline of the body
- Circumduction: circular movement
- Rotation: twisting movement
- Lateral rotation: movement away from the midline of the body
- Medial rotation: movement towards the midline of the body

Planes of Movement

Sagittal plane: divides the body into left and right halves
Coronal plane: divides the body into front and back halves
Transverse plane: divides the body into top and bottom halves### Movement and Joint Actions
Adduction: Movement of a body part towards the midline of the body, occurring at the shoulder, hip, wrist, and metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints.
Abduction: Movement of a body part away from the midline of the body, occurring at the shoulder, hip, wrist, and metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints.
Circumduction: Circular movement of the end of a bone, occurring at the shoulder, hip, wrist, and metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints.
Rotation: Movement of a body part around a central axis, occurring within the vertebral column, at a pivot joint, or at a ball-and-socket joint.

Forearm and Foot Movements

Supination: Rotation of the hand so that the thumb moves away from the body, occurring at the distal radioulnar joint.
Pronation: Rotation of the hand so that the thumb moves towards the body, occurring at the distal radioulnar joint.
Inversion: Movement of the sole of the foot towards the midline, occurring at the subtalar joint.
Eversion: Movement of the sole of the foot away from the midline, occurring at the subtalar joint.
Plantar Flexion: Increase in the angle of the joint between the foot and the lower leg, occurring at the ankle joint.
DorsiFlexion: Decrease in the angle of the joint between the foot and the lower leg, occurring at the ankle joint.

Application Activity: Identifying Joint Actions

Knees (4-6): Flexing at the knee joint.
Hips (4-6): Flexing at the hip joint.
Neck (3-6): Flexing at the neck joint.
Feet (point 1): Plantar flexion at the ankle joint.

Major Bones and Joints Used in Various Activities

Pull Up: Upper arm bones, shoulder girdle, and elbow joints are used.
Squat: Hip and knee joints, pelvis, and spine are used.
Shoulder Press: Shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) and elbow joint are used.
Push Up: Shoulder joint, elbow joint, and scapular movement are used.