Human Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

Integumentary System

• Layers of skin: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
• Epidermis: Outermost layer, primarily composed of keratinocytes, provides protection.
• Dermis: Contains collagen and elastin fibers, blood vessels, nerves, and glands; responsible for strength and flexibility.
• Hypodermis: Subcutaneous layer, composed primarily of adipose tissue; insulates and cushions body.

Functions of the Integumentary System

• Protection from pathogens and UV radiation
• Temperature regulation (via sweat glands)
• Sensation (via nerve endings)
• Vitamin D synthesis

Temperature Regulation (Integumentary System)

• Heat Loss: Sweating, vasodilation (widening of blood vessels)
• Heat Gain: Vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels), shivering

Respiratory System

• Gas Exchange: Occurs in alveoli of the lungs
• Lungs Anatomy: Two lungs, left and right (differ in lobes), composed of bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli
• Upper Airways: Nose, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box)
• Lower Airways: Trachea (windpipe), bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
• Surfactant: Substance lining alveoli reducing surface tension, crucial for lung function
• Internal Respiration: Gas exchange between blood and tissues
• External Respiration: Gas exchange between lungs and blood
• Oxygenation: Process of supplying oxygen to tissues
• Ventilation: Process of moving air into and out of the lungs
• Functions of Respiratory System: Oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide removal, acid-base balance, and speech

Musculoskeletal System

• Bone Anatomy: Gross structure (compact and spongy bone); comprised of osseous tissue, various types of bone cells, marrow.
• Muscle Types: Skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), cardiac (involuntary)
• Locations of Skeletal: Attached to bones, enabling movement
• Location of Smooth: Found lining internal organs, involved in involuntary processes
• Location of Cardiac: Heart muscle, controls heart contractions
• Differences in Muscle Tissue: Skeletal - striated, voluntary; Smooth - non-striated, involuntary; Cardiac - striated, involuntary

Cardiac System

• Blood Pressure Control: Regulated by the autonomic nervous system, hormones (e.g., adrenaline), and blood volume
• Blood Flow Through the Heart: Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium, to right ventricle, to pulmonary artery, to lungs, to pulmonary vein, to left atrium, to left ventricle, to aorta, to body tissues.
• Heart Contraction: Electrical impulses initiate contractions; systole is contraction, diastole is relaxation. Valves prevent backflow of blood.
• ECG (Electrocardiogram) Parts: P-wave (atrial depolarization), QRS complex (ventricular depolarization), T-wave (ventricular repolarization).
• Electrical Impulse Pathway: Sinoatrial (SA) node initiates the impulse, spreading to atrioventricular (AV) node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers.
• Cardiac Output: Amount of blood pumped per minute by the heart; affected by heart rate and stroke volume.
• Blood Components: Plasma, red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets (thrombocytes)
• Clotting Cascade: Complex series of steps leading to blood clot formation.

Nervous System

• Functions of Nervous System: Communication, coordination, and control of body functions
• Action Potential Speed: Factors such as axon diameter, myelin sheath, and temperature influence speed of nerve impulse.
• Sensory (Input) and Motor (Output) Systems: Sensory nerves transmit information from the body to the CNS; motor nerves carry instructions from the CNS to effectors.
• Central Nervous System Layers: Brain and spinal cord, composed of grey matter (cell bodies) and white matter (axons).
• Autonomic Nervous System Components: Sympathetic (fight-or-flight) and parasympathetic (rest-and-digest) branches
• Vagus Nerve: Part of parasympathetic, important for regulating function of organs in thoracic and abdominal cavities.
• Hypothalamus: In brain, regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst

Test your knowledge on key concepts of human anatomy and physiology. This quiz covers the functions of surfactants, the integumentary system, muscle tissue types, and the autonomic nervous system. Ideal for students in health and medical sciences.