Path - MSK 1 MCQ (MD2)

What is the primary focus when relating pathological findings back to the clinical setting in musculoskeletal (MSK) diseases?

In the context of musculoskeletal pathology, what does 'aetiology' primarily consider?

Which factor is NOT identified as a main factor affecting healing in connective tissue?

What is the significance of classifying diseases by 'time course'?

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be a common presentation of musculoskeletal disease?

Under the 'Pathological Sieve' framework, which category encompasses diseases caused by medical intervention?

Which of the following is classified as a 'core condition' in musculoskeletal pathology?

In addition to fractures and degenerative joint disease, what other topic is specifically mentioned as part of the Pathology Teaching and Learning?

What is the MOST immediate consequence of vascular supply impairment on tissue healing?

Which of the following factors is LEAST likely to impact the rate of connective tissue healing?

Which of the given options BEST describes 'sequelae'?

If a patient presents with joint pain, swelling, and loss of function, which initial question would be MOST relevant in thinking clinically about their condition?

A patient's musculoskeletal condition is classified based on its underlying cause. This aligns with which method of disease definition?

What is the PRIMARY distinction between 'repair' and 'regeneration' in the context of tissue healing?

Which is the MOST accurate description of 'complications' in the context of musculoskeletal pathology?

When considering 'short term effects' clinically, what is the primary focus?

In classifying musculoskeletal diseases using the 'VITAMIN CDE' mnemonic, what does the 'I' stand for?

Which of the following factors contributes LEAST to proximity of viable tissue during healing?

According to Pathology Teaching and Learning, which of the following conditions are discussed in the SGL workshop?

A researcher is investigating the specific mechanisms by which osteoarthritis develops over time. Which of the following terms BEST describes the researcher's area of focus?

A patient has Dupuytren's contracture. Under which core condition would this fall?

A newly developed drug aims to enhance the recruitment of fibroblasts to an injury site, aiming to accelerate which aspect of tissue repair?

A doctor is deciding between surgical intervention and physical therapy for a patient's chronic back pain. According to the principles outlined, what should guide this decision MOST effectively?

A child is diagnosed with a congenital musculoskeletal disorder. Under which category of the 'Pathological Sieve' would this condition be classified?

A patient develops osteomyelitis following a surgical procedure. Which category from the 'Pathological Sieve' BEST describes the etiology of this condition?

A researcher aims to identify novel drug targets that can reverse the fibrotic processes in musculoskeletal tissues, promoting tissue regeneration over repair. Which fundamental aspect of healing should the researcher MOST thoroughly investigate?

Following a fracture, a patient develops chronic regional pain syndrome (CRPS). This is an example of what concept?

Which component of the 'Pathological Sieve' is likely MOST relevant when assessing a patient presenting with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) affecting their joints?

A pharmaceutical company is developing a therapy to modulate the mechanical stress response in chondrocytes to prevent osteoarthritis progression. What aspect of healing is the MOST relevant target?

Which of the following presentations would be MOST indicative of a systemic inflammatory/infective musculoskeletal disease?

What is the MOST critical initial step you must take when determining how to proceed with treatment of a patient?

A 60-year-old patient presents with chronic hip pain. Radiographs reveal significant joint space narrowing and osteophyte formation. According to the listed 'Core Conditions,' which of the following is the MOST likely diagnosis?

A physical therapist is designing a rehabilitation program for a patient recovering from a muscle strain. Which healing factor should be MOST considered when progressing the patient's exercises?

A research team is investigating the role of specific inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Which aspect of musculoskeletal pathology are they PRIMARILY studying?

A physician is evaluating a patient with suspected gout. Understanding that gout is a crystal deposition disease, under which category of the 'Pathological Sieve' does this condition fall?

Which of the following factors would MOST directly impact the 'proximity of viable tissue' following a deep laceration?

A pharmaceutical company is investigating a novel treatment for osteoarthritis that aims to stimulate chondrocyte proliferation and matrix synthesis to restore damaged cartilage. This approach primarily targets which aspect of tissue healing?

A patient who is a keen athlete has suffered a fracture, and is keen to return to sport as soon as possible. However the fracture is slow to heal. What could be the main reason for this?

A researcher is investigating the genetic factors which predispose people to congenital hip abnormalities. Which of the pathological sieve categories is being investigated?

A doctor prescribes medication for a patient, but the patient has an adverse reaction to this medication. Which pathological sieve category would relate to this situation?

According to the Munich consensus statement, what is the primary focus when classifying soft tissue injuries?

In the context of soft tissue injuries, what is a 'sprain' formally defined as?

When considering the healing of tendons and ligaments, which factor is MOST significant?

Which of the following BEST describes the initial phase of fracture healing?

A patient has suffered a complete tear of the Achilles tendon. What is the MOST likely clinical recommendation?

If a fracture site fails to heal, resulting in a 'false joint', this is BEST described as:

A long bone fracture described as 'comminuted' indicates which of the following?

A 70-year-old is diagnosed to have an insufficiency fracture in the setting of osteoporosis. What does this mean?

Which factor is MOST likely to impede fracture healing?

In cases of suspected non-accidental injury (NAI) in children, what fracture pattern should raise the HIGHEST suspicion?

What is the primary role of the 'soft callus' that develops during fracture healing?

During which phase of wound healing does angiogenesis and the formation of granulation tissue occur?

Why are hip fractures in the elderly considered a serious concern?

What is the BEST definition of a 'stress fracture'?

A patient presents with pain localized to the plantar fascia. What condition is MOST likely?

What is the MOST appropriate way to describe a fracture where the bone protrudes through the skin?

A patient presents with a fracture that is described as "spiral". What type of force MOST likely caused this fracture?

Which of the following best describes a 'greenstick' fracture?

What is a potential early complication after a fracture?

Following a bone fracture, what process is essential for the 'bony callus' to regain its original strength and structure?

If a patient has a fracture that is described as a 'crush fracture' of the spine, what is a possible complication?

Bone is disrupted due to loading, the long bones are very good as resisting what type of loading?

A 10 year old child is brought to their family doctor. The doctor is concerned as the child is 'limping', especially as a lack of recent trauma. Which type of fracture must the doctor have high on their differential diagnosis?

A group of researchers want to explore if they can use high-frequency ultrasound to assess a grade I muscle strain, however, what is the biggest hinderance with assessment of acute muscle injury using radiology?

Scarring is a result of what main process?

A surgeon is dealing with a fracture to an arm. They wish to classify the components of a fracture using the AO/JOT classification system. What 3 main components do will have to assess?

A soccer player is diagnosed to have grade II hamstring strain. How can this be best described to the player?

After a fracture, a haematoma is formed, which is then described as an inflammatory stage. What is the main response occurring at this time?

Following a period of assessment, the orthopaedic surgeon has discovered the fracture is not healing over 6 months from the event. They diagnose that the fracture is in non-union, what could be the main reasoning for this?

A patient is discovered to have an undiagnosed stress fracture to the tibia, what could be a possible description of the injury discovered to histologically label it as a stress fracture?

Scarring after an event can be detrimental to the overall presentation of the individual. How does scarring mainly affect the individual?

A patient attends the Emergency Department complaining of sudden onset symptoms to their lower limb. On assessment, the physician discovers swelling along the compartment of their leg, significant pain with palpation, and loss of movement. What is the physician's main concern?

A patient has sustained an injury to their muscle; the consulting physician diagnoses a 'strain'. What is the definition of a strain?

What type of injury occurs, when there is a loss of tension to an MTJ?

During the healing progression, there are different reactions which occur during phases, and different cells are more present. Which cell is especially more present during the remodelling phase?

In the AO/OTA fracture classification, what does the modifier component detail.

A patient has an issue to their rotator cuff in the shoulder and is having great difficulty moving the joint. Their physician diagnoses them with adhesive capsulitis, what type of condition would this be classified as?

There is an inflammatory phase after damage or injury that can occur, what is the timeline for the inflammatory phase to be completed?

A patient attends with suspected achilles injury, what can the physician tell the patient as information relating to the injury?

What should always be a red flag when children are affected with fractures?

A patient suffers from a pathological fracture. What is the main reason this pathological fracture to occur

During fracture healing, there are two opposing actions in the bone that allow for healing, what are these two?

According to the soft tissue injury terminology, what is the definition of a 'sprain'?

What best describes a Grade II soft tissue injury?

Which tissue type is MOST likely to have poor blood supply, potentially complicating its healing process?

Following an injury, if regeneration isn't possible, what process will MOST likely occur?

During the proliferative phase of wound healing, what key event occurs?

Which of these is a key activity of fibroblasts during the proliferative phase of wound healing?

In the remodelling phase of wound healing, what is the main process that determines the final outcome?

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be involved in the process of bone remodelling?

What is the BEST definition of a fracture?

What mechanical force are long bones POORLY designed to withstand?

Which of the following descriptive terms relates to the fracture anatomy?

Which term describes a fracture with multiple bone fragments?

Salter-Harris fractures describe fractures involving which anatomical region?

In the AO/JOT classification, what two key components are detailed?

Which of the following is an important consideration that is part of the AO/JOT classification of fractures?

An oblique fracture is MOST likely caused by what type of force?

Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of an 'open' fracture?

What are open fractures especially susceptible to?

What is commonly associated with fracture-dislocations?

What is a potential complication of fracture-dislocations?

Insufficiency fractures are MOST closely related to which underlying condition?

Pathological fractures are distinguished by occurring through what type of bone?

A fracture in a young child with an inconsistent history should raise suspicion for what condition?

What radiographic findings are especially concerning for non-accidental injury (NAI) in children?

During the pro-inflammatory phase of fracture healing, what is the immediate response?

What is the primary purpose of the 'soft callus' that forms during fracture healing?

During bone healing, what replaces the soft callus?

During the final stages of fracture healing, what occurs to the bony callus?

What is the MOST immediate result of deficient vascular supply to a fracture site?

Why does excessive stress impede fracture healing?

What is a pseudoarthrosis?

The interposition of soft tissue at a fracture site is MOST likely to interfere with which process?

Which factor is MOST likely to result in an increased risk of non-union in a fracture?

What is a potential EARLY complication of a fracture?

Why are hip fractures in the elderly often associated with increased mortality?

Which of the following situations presents the HIGHEST medico-legal risk regarding fracture management?

In the sequence of cellular events during fracture healing, which transformation occurs first?

Imagine a completely novel scenario: Researchers discover a new cytokine, 'Fracture Consolidation Factor' (FCF), which uniquely binds to osteocytes during bony callus formation with an affinity constant ($K_d$) of $10^{-9}$ M. In an experimental fracture model, blocking FCF via a neutralizing antibody results in a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in callus mineral density, and tensile strength that exceeds changes from blocking any currently known osteogenic growth factor. What does this reveal?

What is the defining characteristic of osteonecrosis?

Which of the following is another term used to describe osteonecrosis, in most cases?

What is the primary mechanism leading to avascular necrosis?

Which of the following sites is most anatomically vulnerable to osteonecrosis?

Which of the following can lead to traumatic osteonecrosis?

Which of the following factors is least likely to be associated with non-traumatic avascular necrosis?

A patient has avascular necrosis of the hip. What is the MOST likely symptom?

Avascular necrosis can present similarly to which of the following conditions?

What is the anticipated result of a collapse of subchondral bone in a joint affected by avascular necrosis?

Which event does not occur as part of trabecular bone healing in avascular necrosis?

How does cortical bone heal in avascular necrosis?

What is commonly seen on a macroscopic specimen of bone affected by avascular necrosis?

A patient is diagnosed with osteonecrosis of the jaw following dental extraction. What is the most likely cause?

What is the mechanism by which radiotherapy can lead to osteoradionecrosis?

What is the primary reason osteoradionecrosis is difficult to heal?

Which term best describes arthritis?

The inflammatory component in arthritis is BEST described as:

What classification best describes arthritis affecting a single joint?

Which of the following is a potential classificatory parameter for arthritis?

What are immunological findings most useful for in relation to a diagnosis of arthritis?

Which of the following is a key factor to understand when managing arthritis?

Which of the following factors helps determine whether arthritis is inflammatory or degenerative?

What best relates to systemic diseases associated with arthritis?

Which of the following physical findings is most indicative of acute inflammatory arthritis?

What is another name for degenerative joint disease?

Degenerative joint disease is MOST common in which population?

Which of the following best describes osteonecrosis?

Which of the following characterizes osteonecrosis?

Which of the following is the MOST common cause of osteonecrosis?

Avascular necrosis is a common cause of osteonecrosis, which site is more anatomically vulnerable?

Which of the following can lead to traumatic avascular necrosis?

Avascular necrosis can occur due to non-traumatic causes, which is considered a non-traumatic cause?

Avascular necrosis is associated with joint pain and disability, which demographic is commonly affected?

Avascular necrosis often presents like osteoarthritis, although imaging findings are different and presentation is more sudden. What other presentation differs from osteoarthritis?

What is known to result from the collapse of subchondral bone and disruption of the articular surface?

In trabecular bone, creeping substitution occurs. What is this describing?

Through vascular channels, osteoclasts bore holes into which area of the bone?

What can be commonly seen on a macroscopic specimen of bone affected by avascular necrosis?

What is the MOST common cause of osteonecrosis of the mandible (jaw)?

Osteoradionecrosis is caused by secondary changes in vessels due to radiotherapy. What directly causes changes in the vessels?

Osteonecrosis of the jaw is difficult to heal, what is the main reasoning presented?

What best describes 'arthritis'?

What is a key component of arthritis?

How would you describe arthiritis affecting a single joint?

Which of the following is a classificatory parameter for arthritis?

What role do immunological findings play in the diagnosis of arthritis?

What key factor helps to determine if arthritis is inflammatory or degenerative?

Pain is worst at the end of the day, this is often associated with what?

What is generally known as the most common joint disorder?

What is osteoarthritis predominatly?

In which demographic is degenerative joint disease MOST common?

Osteoarthritis can lead to altered joint anatomy and symptoms, what can the altered joint anatomy lead to?

What is the underlying process of joint damage (fibrillation) in osteoarthritis?

Cartilage in osteoarthritis is reduced or lost, what is the direct affect?

What is the main feature that occurs in the Early-stage Osteoarthritis progression?

What bone pathology is associated with splitting and fissues, subchondral bone cysts and osteosclerosis?

In relation to Osteoarthritis, which is the cause for reduced joint space?

Noninflammatory processes can also influence the aetiology of arthiritis, which of the following would best describe this effect?

During the acute inflammatory arthritis phase, what symptoms can be expected?

Synovial joints can be affected by Osteoarthritis through fibrillation. What best explains this term?

Which cell type is primarily responsible for the degradation of collagen and proteoglycans in the pathophysiology of degenerative joint disease?

Based on the information, what are the key histological changes which can be detected when diagnosing osteoarthritis?

What two factors mostly likely cause Osteoarthritis?

In the diagram, what are the main factors which are more likely cause Late Osteoarthritis?

Due to the underlying pathology, what is the MAIN aim in late stage Osteoarthritis?

In osteonecrosis, which finding definitively indicates bone death?

Avascular necrosis (AVN) MOST commonly results from:

Which anatomical site is particularly susceptible to avascular necrosis due to its limited collateral circulation?

Avascular necrosis can arise from traumatic injuries that directly disrupt blood vessels. Which injury is MOST likely to cause AVN?

Which factor is LEAST likely to contribute to non-traumatic avascular necrosis?

What is the MOST typical initial symptom reported by patients with avascular necrosis affecting a major joint?

Collapse of subchondral bone due to avascular necrosis will MOST likely lead to:

Which of the following describes 'creeping substitution' in the context of trabecular bone healing after avascular necrosis?

In cortical bone affected by avascular necrosis, 'cutting cones' are involved in the healing process. What is the primary cell type that leads this process?

Which macroscopic finding is MOST indicative of avascular necrosis in a bone specimen?

Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is MOST likely caused by:

Which of the following cellular mechanisms primarily contributes to osteoradionecrosis following radiotherapy?

Why is osteoradionecrosis particularly challenging to treat?

What is the primary distinction between osteoarthritis and inflammatory arthritis concerning pain presentation?

In the context of late-stage osteoarthritis, which pathological process BEST explains the reduced joint space observed on radiographs?