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Questions and Answers
What are the three main types of muscle found in the muscular system?
What are the three main types of muscle found in the muscular system?
- Striated, Cardiac, and Voluntary
- Skeletal, Cardiac, and Involuntary
- Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac (correct)
- Smooth, Cardiac, and Striated
Which of the following is NOT a function of the muscular system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the muscular system?
- Movement
- Maintenance of posture
- Digestion of food (correct)
- Protection of bones
What is the role of the prime mover in a muscular movement?
What is the role of the prime mover in a muscular movement?
- To act opposite to the action of another muscle
- To assist in movement alongside other muscles
- To initiate and perform the main movement (correct)
- To stabilize the joint during movement
How do antagonistic muscle pairs function?
How do antagonistic muscle pairs function?
Which type of muscle is characterized as involuntary and striated?
Which type of muscle is characterized as involuntary and striated?
What type of muscle can be described as spindle-shaped and contracts slowly?
What type of muscle can be described as spindle-shaped and contracts slowly?
What is the primary way in which the muscular system contributes to body temperature regulation?
What is the primary way in which the muscular system contributes to body temperature regulation?
Which of these statements about voluntary muscles is correct?
Which of these statements about voluntary muscles is correct?
Which muscle type is found only in the heart and does not fatigue?
Which muscle type is found only in the heart and does not fatigue?
What is the primary function of the urinary bladder?
What is the primary function of the urinary bladder?
Which type of muscle fiber is characterized as white muscle and fatigues quickly?
Which type of muscle fiber is characterized as white muscle and fatigues quickly?
Which muscle is responsible for the abduction of the shoulder?
Which muscle is responsible for the abduction of the shoulder?
Which structure secretes synovial fluid and is found between tendons and bones?
Which structure secretes synovial fluid and is found between tendons and bones?
What type of muscle fibers are categorized as red muscle and resist fatigue well?
What type of muscle fibers are categorized as red muscle and resist fatigue well?
Which muscle primarily assists in flexing the elbow?
Which muscle primarily assists in flexing the elbow?
What is the membrane surrounding a muscle cell called?
What is the membrane surrounding a muscle cell called?
What is the primary movement associated with the tibialis anterior muscle?
What is the primary movement associated with the tibialis anterior muscle?
Which muscle group is responsible for hip extension?
Which muscle group is responsible for hip extension?
What type of contraction occurs when a muscle lengthens while under tension?
What type of contraction occurs when a muscle lengthens while under tension?
Which of the following describes the role of the antagonist muscle?
Which of the following describes the role of the antagonist muscle?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for extending the elbow?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for extending the elbow?
Which classification of muscles is responsible for moving a limb away from the midline of the body?
Which classification of muscles is responsible for moving a limb away from the midline of the body?
What is an example of a muscle named based on its size?
What is an example of a muscle named based on its size?
What muscle group is primarily responsible for knee flexion?
What muscle group is primarily responsible for knee flexion?
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Study Notes
The Muscular System
- The muscular system is an organ system that consists of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.
- Its primary functions include:
- Movement
- Posture maintenance
- Heat production
- Protection of bones and internal organs
Muscle Types
-
Skeletal muscle is voluntary and attached to the skeleton.
- Fibers are long, cylindrical, and striated.
- Multiple nuclei
- Responsible for movement of bones at joints.
-
Smooth muscle is involuntary and found in the internal organs and blood vessels.
- Fibers are thin and spindle-shaped.
- Single nuclei
- Contracts slowly and fatigues slowly.
-
Cardiac muscle is involuntary and found only in the heart.
- Cells are branched and appear fused.
- Has striations
- Each cell has a central nucleus.
- Responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.
- Never fatigues.
Muscle Actions and Interactions
-
Synergists are muscles that work together to perform a movement.
- Prime movers (agonists) are the main muscles responsible for a movement.
- Antagonists are muscle groups that work in pairs to produce opposite actions.
- One contracts while the other relaxes.
-
Levators raise a body part.
-
Depressors lower a body part.
-
Rotators rotate a bone along its axis.
-
Sphincters constrict an opening.
Muscle Contractions
- Isotonic contractions involve muscle shortening (concentric) or lengthening (eccentric).
- Isometric contractions involve muscle tension without a change in length.
Muscle Naming Conventions
- Muscle names often reflect their:
- Size: vastus (huge), maximus (large), longus (long), minimus (small), brevis (short)
- Shape: deltoid (triangular), rhomboid (rhombus-shaped), latissimus (wide), teres (round), trapezius (trapezoid-shaped)
- Fiber direction: rectus (straight), transverse (across), oblique (diagonally), orbicularis (circular)
- Location: pectoralis (chest), gluteus (buttock), brachii (arm), supra- (above), infra- (below), sub- (under), lateralis (lateral)
- Number of origins: biceps (two heads), triceps (three heads), quadriceps (four heads)
Key Muscles and Their Functions
- Deltoid: Abducts the shoulder (moves arm away from the body).
- Pectoralis major: Adducts the shoulder (moves arm towards the body) and performs shoulder horizontal flexion (moves arm forward).
- Biceps: Flexes the elbow (bends the arm).
- External obliques: Rotate the trunk (twisting the body).
- Hip flexors: Flex the hip (moves knee up to the chest).
- Quadriceps: Extend the knee (straightens the leg).
- Tibialis anterior: Dorsiflexes the ankle (brings toes up towards the shin).
- Triceps: Extends the elbow (straightens the arm).
- Latissimus dorsi: Adducts the shoulder (moves arm towards the body).
- Gluteus maximus: Extends the hip (moves leg backwards).
- Hamstrings: Flex the knee (bends the leg).
- Gastrocnemius: Plantar flexes the ankle (points toes downwards).
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