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Questions and Answers
Which term is used to describe a muscle named for its relative size?
Which term is used to describe a muscle named for its relative size?
What is the naming characteristic of the muscle 'Triceps'?
What is the naming characteristic of the muscle 'Triceps'?
The muscle 'Temporalis' is named based on which criterion?
The muscle 'Temporalis' is named based on which criterion?
What does the term 'Deltoid' indicate about the muscle's shape?
What does the term 'Deltoid' indicate about the muscle's shape?
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What type of muscles are divided into facial muscles and chewing muscles?
What type of muscles are divided into facial muscles and chewing muscles?
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What is the primary outcome of the sliding filament theory during muscle contraction?
What is the primary outcome of the sliding filament theory during muscle contraction?
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What is the initial energy source muscles rely on for contraction?
What is the initial energy source muscles rely on for contraction?
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How does creatine phosphate (CP) assist in muscle energy regeneration?
How does creatine phosphate (CP) assist in muscle energy regeneration?
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What is one disadvantage of relying on creatine phosphate for muscle energy?
What is one disadvantage of relying on creatine phosphate for muscle energy?
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What happens to ATP after initial energy is used in muscle contraction?
What happens to ATP after initial energy is used in muscle contraction?
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What is the role of the antagonist muscle in a movement?
What is the role of the antagonist muscle in a movement?
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Which type of muscle movement decreases the angle of a joint?
Which type of muscle movement decreases the angle of a joint?
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What is the origin in muscle attachment?
What is the origin in muscle attachment?
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Which movement describes a limb moving away from the midline of the body?
Which movement describes a limb moving away from the midline of the body?
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What describes the term 'fixator' in muscle interactions?
What describes the term 'fixator' in muscle interactions?
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Which of the following best describes rotation?
Which of the following best describes rotation?
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During which type of movement do muscles contract to make a circular motion?
During which type of movement do muscles contract to make a circular motion?
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What is the primary function of a synergist muscle?
What is the primary function of a synergist muscle?
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Which type of movement is the opposite of flexion?
Which type of movement is the opposite of flexion?
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When a muscle contracts, what happens to the insertion?
When a muscle contracts, what happens to the insertion?
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What is a characteristic symptom of Dystonia?
What is a characteristic symptom of Dystonia?
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Which of the following disorders is an autoimmune condition?
Which of the following disorders is an autoimmune condition?
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What is the main issue occurring in Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?
What is the main issue occurring in Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?
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Which condition involves the release of damaged muscle tissue components into the bloodstream?
Which condition involves the release of damaged muscle tissue components into the bloodstream?
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What is a common consequence of the condition Tetanus?
What is a common consequence of the condition Tetanus?
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What is the primary role of acetylcholine (ACh) in muscle contraction?
What is the primary role of acetylcholine (ACh) in muscle contraction?
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What is the synaptic cleft?
What is the synaptic cleft?
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What defines a motor unit?
What defines a motor unit?
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Which of the following terms describes the ability of muscle cells to return to their original length after stretching?
Which of the following terms describes the ability of muscle cells to return to their original length after stretching?
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How does a nerve impulse effectively cross the synaptic cleft?
How does a nerve impulse effectively cross the synaptic cleft?
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What happens to acetylcholine after it binds to muscle cell receptors?
What happens to acetylcholine after it binds to muscle cell receptors?
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What is the function of axon terminals in the neuromuscular junction?
What is the function of axon terminals in the neuromuscular junction?
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Which statement is NOT true about motor units?
Which statement is NOT true about motor units?
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What type of movement does the gluteus maximus primarily perform?
What type of movement does the gluteus maximus primarily perform?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for stabilizing the pelvis during walking?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for stabilizing the pelvis during walking?
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What is the primary action of the iliopsoas muscle?
What is the primary action of the iliopsoas muscle?
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Where are the adductor muscles located?
Where are the adductor muscles located?
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Which of the following muscles is involved in knee flexion?
Which of the following muscles is involved in knee flexion?
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Which group of muscles extends the knee?
Which group of muscles extends the knee?
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What is the primary role of the gastrocnemius muscle?
What is the primary role of the gastrocnemius muscle?
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Which muscle runs from the lower vertebrae over the pelvis and attaches to the femur?
Which muscle runs from the lower vertebrae over the pelvis and attaches to the femur?
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What is the primary action of the soleus muscle?
What is the primary action of the soleus muscle?
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Which of the following muscles is primarily responsible for hip abduction?
Which of the following muscles is primarily responsible for hip abduction?
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Study Notes
Muscular System Overview
- The muscular system is responsible for movement.
- Muscles are attached to bones at two points.
- The point of attachment to the non-moving or less movable bone is called the origin.
- The point of attachment to the moving bone is called the insertion.
Muscle Interactions
- Prime mover: the muscle primarily responsible for a specific movement.
- Antagonist: the muscle that opposes the prime mover.
- Synergist: a muscle that assists the prime mover by preventing undesired movements.
- Fixator: a specialized synergist that stabilizes the origin of a prime mover.
Types of Body Movements
- Flexion: Decreases the angle of a joint, bringing bones closer together. (Typical of hinge joints like knee and elbow)
- Extension: Increases the angle between two bones, opposite of flexion.
- Hyperextension: Extension beyond the anatomical position.
- Rotation: Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis. (Lateral rotation and medial rotation)
- Abduction: Movement of a limb away from the midline.
- Adduction: Movement of a limb towards the midline, opposite of abduction.
- Circumduction: Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. (Common in ball-and-socket joints).
- Dorsiflexion: Lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the shin (walking on heels).
- Plantar flexion: Depressing the foot (pointing the toes).
- Inversion: Turning the sole of the foot medially.
- Eversion: Turning the sole of the foot laterally.
- Supination: Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces anteriorly.
- Pronation: Forearm rotates medially so palm faces posteriorly.
- Opposition: Move the thumb to touch the tips of the other fingers on the same hand.
Naming Skeletal Muscles
- Muscles are named by their direction of fibers, relative size, location, number of origins, location of origin and insertion, or shape.
- Example: Rectus (straight), Maximus (largest), Temporalis (temporal bone), Triceps (three heads), Deltoid (triangular), Flexor/extensor.
Skeletal Muscles of the Body
- Lists specific muscle groups of the body
- Includes illustrations showing specific muscles.
Head and Neck Muscles
- Facial muscles: Responsible for facial expressions. Includes Frontalis (raises eyebrows), Orbicularis oculi (closes eyes), Orbicularis oris ("kissing muscle"), Buccinator (chewing muscle, controls cheeks), Zygomaticus ("smiling muscle").
- Chewing muscles: Masseter, Temporalis (assists masseter in closing jaw).
- Neck muscles: Platysma (frowning), Sternocleidomastoid ("prayer muscle" flexes neck, rotates head)
Muscles of Trunk, Shoulder, Arm
- Anterior muscles: Pectoralis major (adducts and flexes upper arm)
- Intercostal Muscles (raise and lower rib cage during breathing)
- Posterior muscles: Trapezius (extends head, stabalizes scapula, shrugs shoulders), Latissimus dorsi (extends and adducts the upper arm), Deltoid (arm abduction
- Muscles of the abdominal girdle: Rectus abdominis (flexes vertebral column, compresses contents), External and Internal Obliques, Transversus abdominis
Muscles of the Lower Limb
- Hip and thigh movements: Gluteus maximus and medius
- Important muscles for walking, climbing stairs, jumping.
- Iliopsoas (runs from lower vertebrae to the femur, vital for hip flexion, posture)
- Adductor muscles (press thighs together)
- Muscles causing movement at the knee joint: Hamstring group (hip extension and knee flexion), Quadriceps group (extends knee), Sartorius (flexes thigh).
- Muscles of the lower leg: Gastrocnemius (plantar flexion), Soleus (plantar flexion)
Skeletal Muscle Physiology
- Properties: Excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity.
- Neuromuscular junction: Junction between nerve and muscle cell.
- Action Potential: Electrical signal that triggers muscle contraction.
- Transmission of Nerve Impulse: Neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (ACh) passes the signal across the synaptic cleft.
- Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction: Thick and thin filaments slide past each other.
Energy for Muscle Contraction
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate): Muscles utilize stored ATP initially for energy, followed by creatine phosphate (CP) to generate more ATP quickly.
- Aerobic respiration: Glucose is broken down to produce a large amount of ATP (about 32 ATP per 1 glucose molecule). Requires continuous oxygen.
- Anaerobic glycolysis: Glucose is broken down to produce a smaller amount of ATP (about 5%) quickly without oxygen (lactic acid forms), but can only supply energy for 30-60 seconds.
Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Debt
- Muscle fatigue is temporary loss of contractile ability.
- Common cause: oxygen debt; lactic acid buildup, increasing acidity, and lack of ATP.
Disorders of the Muscular System
- Muscle strain (tearing of muscle fibers/connective tissues).
- Dystonia (uncontrollable muscle contractions. )
- Tetanus (bacterial infection causing nerve blocks and spasms).
- Muscular Dystrophy (genetic diseases).
- Dermatomyositis (chronic inflammation of muscles and weakness).
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
- Myasthenia gravis
- Rhabdomyolysis (damaged muscle tissue releases proteins/electrolytes, which damages the heart and kidneys)
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Description
This quiz covers the anatomy and function of the muscular system, highlighting key concepts such as muscle attachments, interactions, and types of body movements. Test your knowledge on prime movers, antagonists, and various joint movements including flexion and extension.
