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Questions and Answers
What role does the rhomboideus major and minor play in muscle movement?
What role does the rhomboideus major and minor play in muscle movement?
Which connective tissue layer surrounds individual muscle cells?
Which connective tissue layer surrounds individual muscle cells?
Which of the following statements about muscle hypertrophy is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about muscle hypertrophy is incorrect?
What is the primary function of the perimysium in muscle structure?
What is the primary function of the perimysium in muscle structure?
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What term describes the loss of motor power associated with muscle damage?
What term describes the loss of motor power associated with muscle damage?
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What is the primary function of the deep fascia in relation to muscles?
What is the primary function of the deep fascia in relation to muscles?
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Which of the following is NOT a modification of the deep fascia?
Which of the following is NOT a modification of the deep fascia?
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What role do retinacula play in the body?
What role do retinacula play in the body?
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In which part of the body does the deep fascia form an interosseous membrane?
In which part of the body does the deep fascia form an interosseous membrane?
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What is a primary characteristic of the thick aponeurosis formed by deep fascia?
What is a primary characteristic of the thick aponeurosis formed by deep fascia?
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Which of the following muscle types is characterized by fibers arranged at an angle to the tendon?
Which of the following muscle types is characterized by fibers arranged at an angle to the tendon?
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What type of muscle arrangement allows for greater range of movement due to longer muscle fibers?
What type of muscle arrangement allows for greater range of movement due to longer muscle fibers?
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Which of the following is an example of a multipennate muscle?
Which of the following is an example of a multipennate muscle?
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Which muscle type is best suited for developing the greatest tension?
Which muscle type is best suited for developing the greatest tension?
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Which type of muscle is described as having fibers on both sides of the tendon?
Which type of muscle is described as having fibers on both sides of the tendon?
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What is the primary characteristic of circular fasciculi?
What is the primary characteristic of circular fasciculi?
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Which muscle is an example of a strap-like muscle within the parallel fasciculi arrangement?
Which muscle is an example of a strap-like muscle within the parallel fasciculi arrangement?
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Which of the following is true regarding spiral/twisted fasciculi?
Which of the following is true regarding spiral/twisted fasciculi?
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Which type of muscle is characterized by being multinucleate with cross striations?
Which type of muscle is characterized by being multinucleate with cross striations?
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What is the primary function of smooth muscle tissue?
What is the primary function of smooth muscle tissue?
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Which property of skeletal muscle refers to its ability to return to its original shape after stretching?
Which property of skeletal muscle refers to its ability to return to its original shape after stretching?
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What term describes the connection where cardiac muscle fibers branch and interconnect?
What term describes the connection where cardiac muscle fibers branch and interconnect?
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Which of the following is NOT a primary function of skeletal muscles?
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of skeletal muscles?
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Fast fibers and slow fibers differ mainly in their oxidative capacity. What is the primary characteristic of fast fibers?
Fast fibers and slow fibers differ mainly in their oxidative capacity. What is the primary characteristic of fast fibers?
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In the classification of skeletal muscle fibers, which type is known for having abundant myoglobin?
In the classification of skeletal muscle fibers, which type is known for having abundant myoglobin?
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What is the term for the relatively stationary end of a skeletal muscle during contraction?
What is the term for the relatively stationary end of a skeletal muscle during contraction?
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Which of the following muscle classifications does NOT refer to the direction of muscle fibers?
Which of the following muscle classifications does NOT refer to the direction of muscle fibers?
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What is the main characteristic of smooth muscle cells?
What is the main characteristic of smooth muscle cells?
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Study Notes
Muscular System - General Anatomy
- The muscular system is about skeletal muscles.
- The study of the muscular system is called myology.
- Muscle tissue is specialized for contraction and produces all body movements.
- There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
Muscle Tissue
- Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue that brings about movements.
- It's one of the basic tissues in the body.
- It's specialized for contraction and produces all body movements.
Cardiac Muscle
- Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart and walls of some large veins entering the heart.
- Cardiac muscle cells are called cardiocytes.
- Each cardiocyte has a single nucleus.
- Cardiac muscle displays striations.
- It forms branching networks with intercalated discs.
- It is controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
Smooth Muscle
- Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs like blood vessels, urinary, respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts.
- Smooth muscle cells are spindle-shaped.
- These cells have a single nucleus.
- Smooth muscle does not have striations.
- Smooth muscle can divide and regenerate.
- It is controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
Skeletal Muscle
- The term "muscular system" refers only to skeletal muscles.
- Skeletal muscle cells are called muscle fibers.
- These muscle fibers are long and thin.
- Skeletal muscle fibres are multinucleated.
- Skeletal muscle has cross-striations.
- Skeletal muscles are mostly voluntary, controlled by conscious effort.
Functions of Skeletal Muscles
- Produce skeletal movement.
- Maintain body position.
- Support soft tissues.
- Guard openings (e.g., entrances to the digestive tract or urinary tract).
- Maintain body temperature.
- Store nutrient reserves.
Properties of Skeletal Muscle
- Excitability (responsiveness)
- Conductivity
- Contractility
- Extensibility
- Elasticity
Parts of Skeletal Muscle
- Two ends:
- Origin: relatively stationary attachment point.
- Insertion: attachment point that moves during contraction.
- Most muscles originate from or insert to bones.
- Parts:
- Fleshy part: contractile, also called the belly.
- Fibrous part: non-contractile, inelastic.
- Cord-like: tendon.
- Flattened: aponeurosis.
- The muscle or its tendon will cross a joint between its origin and its insertion.
Classification of Skeletal Muscle
- Colour: Red, White, Mixed
- Direction of fibres: Parallel, Oblique, Twisted, Cruciate
- Function: Agonist, Antagonist, Fixator, Synergist
Muscle Fiber Types
- Fast fibers (white): Contract quickly, fatigue quickly, large diameter, fewer mitochondria, less myoglobin. Examples: gastrocnemius.
- Slow fibers (red): Contract slowly, fatigue slowly, small diameter, more mitochondria, abundant myoglobin (red pigment, binds oxygen), high oxygen supply. Examples: postural muscles
Fascicle Arrangement
- Arrangement of muscle fascicles varies with possible movements at a joint.
- Force of movement is directly proportional to the number and size of muscle fibers.
- Range of movement is directly proportional to the length of muscle fibers.
- Parallel fasciculi
- Oblique fasciculi
- Spiral/Twisted fasciculi
- Circular fasciculi
Functional Classifications
- Agonist (or prime mover): Produces maximum force during a particular movement.
- Antagonist: Opposes movement of a particular agonist.
- Fixator: Stabilizes the proximal joint, so movement can occur at the distal joint with a fixed base.
- Synergist: A smaller muscle that assists a larger agonist; helps start motion or stabilize the origin of the agonist.
Applied Anatomy
- Diseases and conditions related to muscles are: Muscle spasm, Muscle hypertrophy, Muscle atrophy, Paralysis (loss of motor power), Muscular dystrophy
Associated Connective Tissues
- Muscles have three layers of connective tissue: epimysium, perimysium, endomysium.
- Epimysium: surrounds entire muscle.
- Perimysium: surrounds muscle fiber bundles (fascicles) and contains blood vessels and nerve supply.
- Endomysium: surrounds individual muscle cells (fibers), contains capillaries and nerve fibers, and has satellite cells (stem cells) for repair.
Fascia-
- Fibrous connective tissue that covers muscles and attaches to skin.
- Superficial fascia secures skin to underlying structure.
- Deep fascia is an inward extension of superficial fascia and surrounds adjacent muscles.
- Modifications of deep fascia: intermuscular septae, bursae of joints, retinacula, aponeurosis (in palm and sole).
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Description
Test your knowledge on the muscular system's anatomy, including the types of muscle tissue and their functions. This quiz covers skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles, providing insights into their unique characteristics and roles in the body. Perfect for students of myology and related fields.
