Muscular System Functions and Types

Functions:
- Movement
- Support
- Stability
- Regulation of body temperature
Types of muscle tissue:
- Skeletal muscle (voluntary)
- Smooth muscle (involuntary)
- Cardiac muscle (involuntary)
Characteristics of skeletal muscle:
- Striated (striped) appearance
- Multinucleated
- Voluntary control
Characteristics of smooth muscle:
- Non-striated appearance
- Single nucleus
- Involuntary control
Characteristics of cardiac muscle:
- Striated appearance
- Single nucleus
- Involuntary control

Functions:
- Support
- Protection
- Movement
- Blood cell production
Types of bones:
- Long bones (e.g. femur, humerus)
- Short bones (e.g. carpals, tarsals)
- Flat bones (e.g. ribs, sternum)
- Irregular bones (e.g. vertebrae, pelvis)
Bone structure:
- Compact bone (dense, outer layer)
- Cancellous bone (spongy, inner layer)
Joints:
- Types: synovial, cartilaginous, fibrous
- Examples: shoulder, elbow, knee, hip

Functions:
- Control and coordination
- Sensation and perception
- Regulation of body functions
Divisions:
- Central Nervous System (CNS): brain, spinal cord
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): nerves, ganglia
Neurons:
- Structure: dendrites, cell body, axon
- Function: transmission of nerve impulses
Types of neurons:
- Sensory neurons
- Motor neurons
- Interneurons
Glial cells:
- Types: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia
- Functions: support, protection, maintenance

Functions:
- Oxygen delivery
- Carbon dioxide removal
- Nutrient delivery
- Waste removal
Components:
- Heart
- Arteries
- Veins
- Blood vessels
Blood:
- Composition: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
- Functions: oxygen transport, immune function, clotting
Blood pressure regulation:
- Baroreceptors
- Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

The muscular system provides movement, support, stability, and regulates body temperature
There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle is voluntary, striated, and multinucleated, and allows for movement and locomotion
Smooth muscle is involuntary, non-striated, and single-nucleated, and is found in the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels
Cardiac muscle is involuntary, striated, and single-nucleated, and is responsible for the heartbeat

The skeletal system provides support, protection, movement, and produces blood cells
There are four types of bones: long, short, flat, and irregular bones
Long bones, such as the femur and humerus, are characterized by their length and are found in the limbs
Short bones, such as the carpals and tarsals, are Cube-shaped and are found in the wrists and ankles
Flat bones, such as the ribs and sternum, are thin and curved and provide protection for internal organs
Irregular bones, such as the vertebrae and pelvis, do not fit into any other category and provide support and protection for the body
Bones are composed of compact and cancellous bone tissue, with compact bone forming the dense outer layer and cancellous bone forming the spongy inner layer
Joints allow for movement and are classified into three types: synovial, cartilaginous, and fibrous

The nervous system provides control and coordination, sensation and perception, and regulates body functions
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, and integrates and processes information
The PNS consists of nerves and ganglia, and transmits information to and from the CNS
Neurons are the basic functional units of the nervous system, and transmit nerve impulses
Neurons have three main components: dendrites, cell body, and axon
There are three types of neurons: sensory, motor, and interneurons
Glial cells provide support, protection, and maintenance for neurons, and are classified into three types: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia

The circulatory system delivers oxygen, removes carbon dioxide, and transports nutrients and waste
The circulatory system consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and blood vessels
Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, and provides oxygen transport, immune function, and clotting
Blood pressure is regulated by baroreceptors and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which helps to maintain blood pressure and blood volume

Type of joint: ball-and-socket
Bony structure consists of the femoral head (proximal end of femur) and acetabulum (pelvis)
Iliofemoral ligament strengthens the joint anteriorly
Pubofemoral ligament strengthens the joint anteromedially
Ischiofemoral ligament strengthens the joint posteromedially

Bony structure consists of the femur, the longest bone in the body
Anterior compartment muscles include quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius)
Posterior compartment muscles include hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus)
Medial compartment muscles include adductor magnus, adductor longus, and adductor brevis

Bony structure consists of tibia (medial bone) and fibula (lateral bone)
Anterior compartment muscles include tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus
Lateral compartment muscles include peroneus longus and peroneus brevis
Posterior compartment muscles include gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris

Bony structure consists of talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, cuneiform bones, metatarsals, and phalanges
Dorsiflexors include tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus
Plantarflexors include gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris