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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the muscular system?
What is the main function of the muscular system?
What type of muscle is attached to bone by tendons?
What type of muscle is attached to bone by tendons?
What is a characteristic shared by all three types of muscle tissue?
What is a characteristic shared by all three types of muscle tissue?
What type of muscle responds to local stimuli?
What type of muscle responds to local stimuli?
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How many muscles are in the human body?
How many muscles are in the human body?
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What is a function of skeletal muscles?
What is a function of skeletal muscles?
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What type of muscle is found in the heart?
What type of muscle is found in the heart?
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What do skeletal muscles help maintain?
What do skeletal muscles help maintain?
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What do skeletal muscles contribute to?
What do skeletal muscles contribute to?
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What is a characteristic of smooth muscle?
What is a characteristic of smooth muscle?
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What is the main function of the muscular system?
What is the main function of the muscular system?
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What type of muscle is present in the walls of hollow organs?
What type of muscle is present in the walls of hollow organs?
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What is the functional unit of a skeletal muscle fiber?
What is the functional unit of a skeletal muscle fiber?
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Which type of muscle is only found in the heart?
Which type of muscle is only found in the heart?
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What is the role of Ca++ in muscle contraction?
What is the role of Ca++ in muscle contraction?
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What is the main difference between skeletal and cardiac muscle?
What is the main difference between skeletal and cardiac muscle?
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Which type of muscle is under conscious control?
Which type of muscle is under conscious control?
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What is the role of muscle tendons in joint stability?
What is the role of muscle tendons in joint stability?
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How do skeletal muscles help with posture?
How do skeletal muscles help with posture?
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What is the role of smooth muscle in the circulatory system?
What is the role of smooth muscle in the circulatory system?
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What is the primary function of the muscles that maintain blood pressure and circulation?
What is the primary function of the muscles that maintain blood pressure and circulation?
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What type of muscle is responsible for controlling digestion in the gastrointestinal tract?
What type of muscle is responsible for controlling digestion in the gastrointestinal tract?
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During childbirth, what type of muscle helps to push the baby through the vagina?
During childbirth, what type of muscle helps to push the baby through the vagina?
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What is the term for the movement of a limb away from the center of the body?
What is the term for the movement of a limb away from the center of the body?
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What is the term for the shrinkage of muscle due to lack of use?
What is the term for the shrinkage of muscle due to lack of use?
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What is the primary function of the muscles in the torso?
What is the primary function of the muscles in the torso?
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What is the term for the bending of a joint?
What is the term for the bending of a joint?
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What is the primary function of the muscles in the urinary system?
What is the primary function of the muscles in the urinary system?
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What is the term for the movement of a limb towards the body?
What is the term for the movement of a limb towards the body?
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What is the term for the inflammation of the tendons?
What is the term for the inflammation of the tendons?
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Study Notes
The Muscular System
- Muscles are soft tissues composed of many stretchy fibers, with over 600 muscles in the human body.
- The main function of the muscular system is to move the skeleton.
- Organs, including muscles and tendons, are part of the muscular system.
Types of Muscle Tissue
- There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.
- Skeletal muscle is voluntary, attached to bone, and dependent on signaling from the nervous system.
- Smooth muscle is involuntary, found in internal organs, and can respond to hormones and local stimuli.
- Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and is striated, with highly coordinated contractions pumping blood into the circulatory system.
Skeletal Muscles
- Skeletal muscles contract to cause movement and maintain posture, stability, and skeletal structure.
- They contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis by generating heat, noticeable during exercise or in extreme cold.
- Skeletal muscle cells are long and cylindrical, with the functional unit being the sarcomere, a highly organized arrangement of contractile myofilaments.
How Muscles Move
- For a skeletal muscle fiber to contract, its membrane must be stimulated to fire an action potential.
- The muscle fiber action potential releases calcium ions, which interact with shielding proteins, allowing myosin to pull actin filaments and shorten the muscle fiber.
Smooth Muscle
- Smooth muscle is present in the walls of hollow organs and passageways, such as the urinary bladder, uterus, stomach, intestines, and arteries and veins.
Cardiac Muscle
- Cardiac muscle tissue is only found in the heart, with highly coordinated contractions pumping blood into the circulatory system.
- Cardiac muscle fibers are shorter than skeletal muscle fibers, with a single nucleus and many mitochondria and myoglobin.
Voluntary and Involuntary Muscles
- Voluntary muscles are skeletal muscles under conscious control, while involuntary muscles are smooth and cardiac muscles not under conscious control.
Muscle Functions
- The main functions of the muscular system are mobility, stability, posture, circulation, respiration, digestion, urination, childbirth, vision, organ protection, and temperature regulation.
- Mobility involves the contraction of muscles to contribute to gross and fine movement.
- Stability involves muscle tendons and core muscles stabilizing the body and assisting in tasks.
- Posture involves skeletal muscles helping to maintain the correct position when sitting or standing.
Circulation and Respiration
- The heart is a muscle that pumps blood throughout the body, with smooth muscle in the arteries and veins maintaining blood pressure and circulation.
- Breathing involves the use of the diaphragm muscle, which contracts and relaxes to expand and deflate the lungs.
Digestion and Urination
- The muscular system allows for movement within the body, such as during digestion and urination.
- Smooth muscles in the gastrointestinal tract control digestion, with peristalsis moving food through the digestive system.
- The urinary system involves both smooth and skeletal muscles working together to hold and release urine from the bladder.
Vision and Organ Protection
- Six skeletal muscles around the eye control its movements, allowing for quick and precise movements.
- Muscles in the torso protect internal organs at the front, sides, and back of the body, absorbing shock and reducing friction in the joints.
Temperature Regulation
- The muscular system generates heat through muscle contractions, with shivering being an example of this mechanism.
- Muscles in the blood vessels contract to maintain body heat, and relax to increase blood flow and release excess heat through the skin.
Terminology Related to Muscle Movement
- Abduction: moving away from the center
- Adduction: moving towards the center
- Flexing: bending of a joint
- Extension: straightening out of a limb
- Hyperextension: straightening of a limb beyond its capability
- Pronation: face down or hands palm down
- Supination: face up or hands palm up
- Internal rotation: turning a limb towards the body
- External rotation: turning a limb away from the body
- Atrophy: shrinkage of muscle due to lack of use
Disorders of the Muscular System
- Atrophy: shrinkage of muscle due to lack of use
- Muscular dystrophy: a genetic disease causing damage to muscle fibers
- Myalgia: muscle pain
- Polio: caused by a virus
- Tendonitis: inflammation of the tendons
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Description
Learn about the different types of muscles, their functions, and how they work together to move the skeleton. Discover the importance of muscles and tendons in the human body.
