29 Questions
What are the contractile proteins involved in movement within organisms?
Actin and myosin
Describe the characteristics of skeletal muscles.
Large, striated, many nuclei
Explain the role of muscle contraction in response to environmental stimuli.
Muscle contraction is the most important mechanism animals have to respond to environmental stimuli.
How do smooth muscles differ from skeletal muscles?
Smooth muscles are spindleshaped, contain centrally-located nucleus, and lack striations.
What is syncytium in the context of skeletal muscles?
Condition where skeletal muscles possess many nuclei due to fusion of individual cells.
Where are smooth muscles found in the body?
In the walls of the digestive tract and blood vessels.
What are the three categories of nutrition based on how organisms obtain energy?
a. Chemotrophs - derive energy from inorganic chemical reactions; b. Phototrophs - convert light energy to sugar; c. Heterotrophs - obtain energy from the breakdown of organic molecules in food.
What is the main function of digestion in the human body?
To break down food into smaller parts for the body to use for building cells, providing energy, and nourishment.
List the main nutrients found in food and their functions in the human body.
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. Carbohydrates provide metabolic energy, lipids supply more energy than carbohydrates, proteins are essential for growth and repair, vitamins and minerals play various roles, and water is necessary for bodily functions.
What is the nutritional requirement for carbohydrates in the human diet?
Approximately 60% or 100 grams per day.
Differentiate between carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores based on their dietary preferences.
a. Carnivores - eat flesh; b. Herbivores - eat plants; c. Omnivores - eat both plants and flesh.
How do lipids and fats contribute to energy supply in the human body?
They supply twice as much energy as carbohydrates.
What is the main difference between the root system of dicots and monocots?
Dicots have tap roots with a primary root, while monocots have adventitious roots that develop from the base of the stem.
What is the function of adventitious roots in monocots?
Adventitious roots in monocots help the plant anchor itself and absorb water and nutrients.
How do secondary roots differ from the primary root in a tap root system?
Secondary roots are smaller in size compared to the primary root in a tap root system.
What is the role of the root cap in a plant root?
The root cap protects the root tip and covers the apical meristem.
Describe the three regions observed in a fresh onion root tip.
The three regions are formation (apical meristem covered by root cap), elongation (cells grow in size without dividing), and maturation/differentiation (cells stop elongating and differentiate).
Why are adventitious roots considered fibrous root systems?
Adventitious roots in monocots are considered fibrous because they are numerous, smaller, and develop from various parts of the plant.
What is the main respiratory organ of vertebrates?
Lungs
What is the principal function of the kidney?
Osmoregulation
How do saltwater bony fishes regulate osmotic balance?
They lose water and gain salt across mucous membranes of their mouth and gills.
Describe the osmoregulation strategy of freshwater fishes.
Freshwater fishes gain water and lose salt to the environment.
Why are sharks sometimes described as osmoconformers?
Because their blood is kept almost isoosmotic to their environment.
What does osmoregulation refer to?
Maintaining a body osmotic potential different from the environment.
What are the three main types of digestion mentioned in the text?
The three main types of digestion mentioned are: extracellular digestion, intracellular digestion, and digestion in the human digestive system.
What are the five stages of digestion outlined in the text?
The five stages of digestion are: 1) Movement, 2) Secretion, 3) Digestion, 4) Absorption, and 5) Elimination.
What is the purpose of the mastication stage of digestion?
The purpose of mastication is to chew the food, breaking it down mechanically before swallowing.
Describe the role of peristalsis in the digestive process.
Peristalsis refers to the rhythmic action of muscles that force food through the digestive tract.
What is the purpose of the elimination stage of digestion?
The purpose of the elimination stage is to remove undigested food and waste products from the body.
Test your knowledge on the function and structure of the muscular system, including contractile proteins like actin and myosin. Explore how these proteins are used in various forms of locomotion and cellular processes. Learn about muscles as motors that generate mechanical forces and motion.
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