Anatomy and Physiology: Muscular System Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a bone of the axial skeleton?

Occipital

Sphenoid

Sternum

Clavicle (correct)

The glenoid cavity is a landmark found on which bone?

Scapula (correct)

Femur

Clavicle

Humerus

Which type of joint primarily allows for a rotating motion?

Ball-and-socket (correct)

Gliding

Pivot

Hinge

Which type of muscle tissue is both striated and involuntary?

Cardiac (D) Signup and view all the answers

The transverse process is a landmark associated with which skeletal structure?

Vertebrae (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which structure directly surrounds a single muscle fiber?

Endomysium (A) Signup and view all the answers

During muscle contraction, what is the primary role of calcium?

To bind to troponin, exposing actin binding sites (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the sliding filament mechanism of a muscle contraction, what event directly precedes the binding of myosin heads to actin?

Exposure of myosin binding sites on actin (C) Signup and view all the answers

What process shortens the length of a muscle fiber during contraction?

Inward sliding of actin filaments over myosin filaments (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does ATP contribute to muscle contraction?

It provides the energy for myosin heads to bind and pull on actin (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a group of muscle fibers innervated by a single motor neuron?

Motor Unit (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate consequence if calcium ions are pumped back out of the muscle fiber?

Muscle relaxation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens when more motor units are recruited during muscle activity?

The force of muscle contraction increases (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate source of energy for muscle contraction?

ATP (A) Signup and view all the answers

What chemical messenger is released at the neuromuscular junction to initiate muscle contraction?

Acetylcholine (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a 'twitch' in the context of muscle fiber contraction?

A brief contraction from one stimulus (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?

To enable myosin to bind to actin (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle action does the 'gastrocnemius' primarily facilitate?

Plantar flexion (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the attachment point of a muscle on the more stationary bone?

Origin (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sequences correctly lists the levels of organization in the human body from smallest to largest?

Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'physiology' refer to?

The study of the body’s functions (B) Signup and view all the answers

The maintenance of a stable internal environment within the body is known as:

Homeostasis (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the anatomical position, the palms of the hands are oriented:

Facing forward (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a muscle named 'Rectus Femoris'?

It is a straight muscle. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms indicates a structure located further away from the midline of the body?

Lateral (A) Signup and view all the answers

The heart and blood vessels are components of which organ system?

Cardiovascular system (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system is responsible for producing hormones?

Endocrine system (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following directional terms means ‘closer to the surface’?

Superficial (D) Signup and view all the answers

A structure that is described as inferior to another, is located:

Below the other structure (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which plane divides the body into front and back portions?

Coronal plane (D) Signup and view all the answers

The region around the navel is known as the:

Umbilical region (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major body cavity?

Ventral cavity (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which cavity contains the heart and lungs?

Thoracic cavity (B) Signup and view all the answers

The 'basement' analogy refers to which body cavity?

Pelvic cavity (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes matter?

Anything that occupies space and has mass. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the smallest unit of an element that retains its chemical properties?

Atom (B) Signup and view all the answers

An element, by definition, is:

A pure substance that cannot be broken into simpler substances by chemical means. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of body weight is comprised by the four most abundant elements?

96% (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which subatomic particle carries a negative charge?

Electron (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chemical bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms?

Covalent bond (A) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes an anion from a cation?

Anions carry a negative charge, while cations carry a positive charge. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key difference between a molecule and a compound?

All compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these properties is NOT a reason water is essential for life?

Provides structural support to bones (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do catalysts and enzymes affect chemical reactions?

They provide an alternative pathway lowering activation energy (D) Signup and view all the answers

What defines an acid according to its behavior in water?

It releases hydrogen ions (H+). (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Skeletal System Functions

Bones provide structural support and shape.
Bones protect vital organs (brain, heart, lungs).
Bones, with skeletal muscles, allow for body movement.
Bone marrow produces red and white blood cells.
Bones store minerals (calcium and phosphorus).

Bone Classification

Long bones (e.g., femur, humerus) have a long cylindrical shaft.
Short bones (e.g., wrist, ankles) are roughly cube-shaped.
Flat bones (e.g., ribs, skull, shoulder blades) are thin and curved.
Irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae) have complex shapes.

Compact and Spongy Bone

Compact bone forms the outer layer, dense and solid.
Spongy bone is porous, honeycomb-like, located inside bones, containing bone marrow.
Compact bone provides strength and protection.
Spongy bone contains bone marrow for blood cell production and mineral storage.

Long Bone Structure

Diaphysis: The long shaft in the middle.
Epiphysis: The rounded ends.
Metaphysis: The area connecting the shaft to the ends.
Epiphyseal plate: The growth plate in children between the epiphysis and metaphysis.

Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts

Osteoblasts build new bone.
Osteoclasts break down old bone.
Epiphyseal plate growth allows for increase in bone length.
Osteoblasts on outer periosteum thicken the bone, while osteoclasts on the inside expand the marrow cavity for width growth.

Axial Skeleton Bones

Skull (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid)
Orbit, zygomatic, mandible.
Hyoid bone
Vertebral Column (cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum, coccyx)

Appendicular Skeleton Bones

Pectoral Girdles (Clavicle, scapula) - Acromion, spine, glenoid cavity.
Upper Limbs (Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges).
Head, greater/lesser tubercles.
Pelvic Girdle - Hipbones (ilium, ischium, pubis), sacrum, coccyx.
Lower limbs - Femur (head, greater/lesser trochanters), patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges.

Types and Functions of Joints

Fibrous (immovable, rigid).
Cartilaginous (semi-movable/rigid).
Synovial (freely movable).
Movements:
- Hinge (knee/elbow - bend/straighten)
- Ball-and-socket (hip/shoulder - rotate)
- Pivot (neck - turn)
- Gliding (Wrist/ankle - slide)

Muscle Tissue Types

Skeletal (striated, voluntary) - Attached to bones for movement.
Cardiac (striated, involuntary) - Found in heart walls; controls heartbeat.
Smooth (visceral, involuntary) - Found in internal organs (stomach & blood vessels).

Whole Muscle Structure

Epimysium (outer covering)
Fasciculi (bundles of muscle fibers)
Perimysium (covering fasciculi).

Single Muscle Fiber Structure

Endomysium (innermost covering).
Myofibrils (contractile units).

Sliding Filament Mechanism of Muscle Contraction

Calcium enters the muscle fiber.
Calcium binds to troponin, changing the actin shape.
This exposes myosin binding sites on actin.
Myosin heads bind to the exposed actin sites.
Myosin heads pull the actin filaments inward.
This shortens the muscle fiber, creating contraction.
Calcium is pumped back out to relax the muscle.

Muscle Contraction: Role of Calcium and ATP

Calcium ions trigger muscle contraction by binding to troponin.
ATP provides energy for myosin heads to bind to actin and pull.
ATP is constantly regenerated for sustained contractions.

Muscle Terms

Origin: Attachment point on stationary bone.
Insertion: Attachment on movable bone.
Belly: Fleshy, contracting part.

Muscle Naming

Based on location, shape, size, number of origins, action, or attachments.
- Examples: Biceps, Rectus, Deltoid

Major Muscle Actions & Actions

Deltoid (Arm abduction/flexion)
Biceps (Elbow flexion)
Triceps (Elbow extension)
Quadriceps (Knee extension)
Hamstrings (Knee flexion)
Gastrocnemius (Plantar flexion)
Abdominals (Trunk flexion)
Erector spinae (Trunk extension).

Homeostasis Definition

Homeostasis is maintaining a stable internal environment despite external changes. It involves keeping physiological conditions like temperature, pH, fluid balance, and nutrient levels within a normal range.

Anatomical Position

The anatomical position is a standard reference position for describing locations of body structures, with the person standing upright, feet flat, arms at sides with palms forward, head, eyes and toes pointed straight ahead.

Relative Positional Terms

Superior (above)
Inferior (below)
Anterior (front)
Posterior (back)
Medial (toward midline)
Lateral (away from midline)
Proximal (closer to)
Distal (further from)
Superficial (closer to surface)
Deep (further from surface)

Body Planes

Sagittal: Vertical slice dividing body into left and right sides.
Coronal: Vertical slice dividing body into front and back portions.
Transverse: Horizontal slice dividing body into upper and lower portions.

Body Quadrants & Regions

RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ (quadrants)
Umbilical, Hypogastric, Epigastric, Hypochondriac, Lumbar, Ilium (regions)

Body Cavities

Dorsal Cavity (Cranial, spinal)
Ventral Cavity (thoracic, abdominal, pelvic)

Basic Chemistry (Matter, Elements, Atoms)

Matter: Anything that occupies space and has mass.
Element: A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
Atom: The smallest unit of an element that retains its properties.

Elements Comprising 96% of Body Weight

Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

Atomic Components

Protons (positive charge, in the nucleus)
Neutrons (neutral charge, in the nucleus)
Electrons (negative charge, orbiting the nucleus)

Role of Electrons in Chemical Bonding

Electrons (valence electrons) are involved in bonding.
Sharing or transferring electrons results in ionic or covalent bonds, making atoms stable and forming molecules.

Types of Chemical Bonds

Ionic bonds: Occur when one atom transfers electrons to another, creating oppositely charged ions.
Covalent bonds: Occur when atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration.
Hydrogen bonds: Weaker, intermolecular attractions involving hydrogen atoms.

Ions, Electrolytes, Cations & Anions

Ions: Atoms with a net electrical charge.
Electrolytes: Form ions when dissolved in water.
Cations: Positively charged ions.
Anions: Negatively charged ions.

Water (Molecule & Compound)

Water (H₂O) is a compound.
Water is essential for life due to its properties (medium for reactions, nutrient and waste transport, lubrication, regulating temperature, maintaining blood volume)

Catalysts & Enzymes

Catalysts and enzymes speed up chemical reactions, lowering the activation energy needed.
Enzymes are biological catalysts (proteins). They are not consumed in the reaction, and they only affect the speed of the reaction.

pH

pH measures the acidity or basicity of a solution.
pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral.
Acids release hydrogen ions, bases release hydroxide ions.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

ATP is the energy currency of cells.
ATP stores and transfers energy from food molecules for cellular processes (muscle contraction, active transport, biosynthesis).

Differentiating Mixtures & Solutions

Mixtures combine various substances without chemical bonding; they can be easily separated. Ex. Salad, Trail mix
Solutions are formed when one substance dissolves completely in another; they have a uniform appearance. Ex. Sugar dissolving in water
Suspensions are mixtures where particles are large and don't dissolve, so they float and can settle over time. Ex. Muddy water
Colloidal suspensions are mixtures where particles are small and they don't settle easily, but the mixture appears uniform but the particles can be seen under a microscope. Ex. Milk, Fog
Precipitates are solids that form from liquid solutions when two substances react together. Ex. Mixing liquids & Solids forming at the bottom.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the muscular system, including muscle types, contraction mechanisms, and anatomical landmarks. This quiz covers key concepts crucial for understanding human anatomy and physiology. Perfect for students in anatomy and physiology courses or health science programs.