Muscular & Skeletal Systems Exam

• Exam includes multiple choice questions (15 marks)
• Labelling questions about the Muscular and Skeletal systems (15 marks)
• A short answer section (10 marks)

Vocabulary

• Skeleton: A system supporting and providing structure to the body
• Synovial Fluid: Thick liquid between joints, cushioning and protecting bones
• Contractibility: The capability to expand and contract bones
• Adduction: Limb movement towards the body's midline
• Abduction: Limb movement away from the body's midline
• Aorta: Main artery carrying blood from the heart
• Heart Rate: Number of heart beats per minute
• Exchange of Gases: Internal respiration
• Anaerobic: Physical activity not requiring oxygen, usually short and intense
• Aerobic: Physical activity requiring oxygen with longer duration
• Dehydration: Loss of body fluids leading to reduced performance
• Ball and Socket Joint: Allows movement in all directions

Skeletal System Structure

• Long bones (e.g., femur, humerus) provide strength, structure, and mobility
• Short bones (e.g., carpals, tarsals) provide support and stability
• Flat bones (e.g., skull, ribs) are strong and enable muscular attachment and protection of vital organs
• Irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae) serve various purposes, including protecting nervous tissues.
• Sesamoid bones (e.g. patella) relieve tension within muscles and tendons.
• Human skeleton supports and protects the body
• The human skeleton provides a framework for movement.
• The human skeleton stores minerals.
• The human skeleton manufactures blood.
• The human skeleton has 206 bones.

Types of Joints

• Fibrous (immovable): Connected by fibrous tissue, not allowing movement
• Cartilaginous (slightly movable): Bones connected by cartilage, allowing little movement
• Synovial (freely movable): Most common, allow maximum movement

Specific Joint Types

• Ball and socket joint: Allows forward/side/rotating movements (e.g., hip joint)
• Hinge joint: Allows bending/straightening (e.g., elbow joint)
• Condyloid joint: Allows flexion/extension/abduction/adduction (e.g., wrist joint)
• Pivot Joint: Allows rotational movement (neck)
• Gliding joint: Allows up/down/left/right/diagonal movements (carpals - wrist bones)
• Saddle joint: Allows flexion/extension/adduction/abduction movements (thumb joint)

Muscular System

• Enables movement, maintains posture, and produces heat

Muscle Types

• Skeletal Muscle (e.g., biceps): Helps with movement, posture, balance, and protects organs
• Cardiac Muscle (heart): Controls the heart’s pumping, works involuntarily
• Smooth Muscle (e.g., stomach): Found in the stomach, intestines, and urinary system; helps with digestion, waste removal, and balance
• The human body is made up of over 650 muscles

Muscular System Role

• Locomotion, balance, and posture are the roles of the muscular system
• Absorption of shock and heat is a role of the muscular system.
• Breathing relies on the muscular system
• The muscular system protects the body’s internal organs
• Digestion of food uses the muscular system.

Movement Terminology

• Flexion: Bending, decreasing the angle at a joint
• Extension: Straightening, increasing the angle at a joint
• Adduction: Moving a body part towards the body
• Abduction: Moving a body part away from the body
• Circumduction: Moving a joint in a circular motion
• Rotation: Turning or twisting a bone along its axis
• Dorsiflexion: Moving toes towards the shinbone
• Plantarflexion: Moving toes away from the shinbone
• Supination: Rotating the hand/forearm to a ‘palm upwards' position
• Pronation: Rotating the hand/forearm to a ‘palm downwards' position

Efficient Movement

• Excitability: Ability of a muscle to respond to a stimulus
• Extensibility: Ability of a muscle to stretch without damage
• Contractibility: Ability of a muscle to shorten and generate force
• Elasticity: Ability of a muscle to return to its original shape after stretching
• Isometric: Muscle contraction with no change in length
• Isotonic: Muscle contraction with movement, either shortening or lengthening
• Isokinetic: Muscle contraction at a constant speed with variable resistance

Maths Topics

• Indices/ Numbers of any Magnitude
• Errors in Measurement (Precision, Error/Absolute error/limit of accuracy, Upper and Lower bounds, percentage error).
• Simple unit conversions
• Index Notation and Index Laws
• Negative and Zero Indices
• Scientific Notation and Significant Figures
• Conversions using Scientific notation
• Problem solving using Indices and Numbers of any Magnitude
• Algebraic Techniques
• Substitution
• Simplifying Algebraic expressions
• Multiplication and Division of algebraic expressions
• Algebraic Fractions using the four operations
• Simple expansions of brackets
• Binomial products includes perfect squares
• Conversions using Scientific notation
• Problem solving using Indices and Numbers of any Magnitude.