54 Questions
Which chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins?
Left atrium
What is the primary goal of the pulmonary circulation?
To oxygenate blood and remove carbon dioxide
Which segment of the vascular system has lower pressure and vascular resistance compared to the systemic circuit?
Pulmonary circulation
What is the purpose of blood flow redistribution in the systemic circulation?
To direct blood to areas with greater metabolic need
Which layer of blood vessels contains concentric layers of smooth muscle cells?
Tunica media
What is the primary site of systemic vascular resistance?
Arterioles
Which layer of blood vessels forms a barrier that controls the passage of solutes and cells from the circulation into the subendothelial space?
Tunica intima
What is the relationship between wall tension (T), pressure (P), radius (r), and wall thickness (h) in blood vessels?
T = P + r + h
Which of the following factors has the greatest impact on vascular resistance?
Radius of the vessel
Where does the greatest drop in mean arterial pressure (MAP) occur in the cardiovascular circuit?
Arterioles
According to the Law of Laplace, which of the following occurs when the arterial wall weakens in response to increased pressure, causing a vicious cycle of dilation, increased radius, increased tension, and ultimately a weakened wall?
Aneurysm
Which of the following is NOT a short-term regulator of blood pressure?
Aldosterone
Which blood vessels are less compliant than veins but are subjected to greater pressure changes as they receive the stroke volume of the heart during systole?
Arteries
What is the equation for cardiac output (CO)?
CO = heart rate × stroke volume
What is the relationship between blood flow velocity and cross-sectional area?
Inversely related
What is the most important biochemical mediator produced by endothelial cells and smooth muscle layers that promotes vasodilation, maintains vessel patency and vascular wall health, and lowers blood pressure?
Nitric oxide (NO)
Which receptor is responsible for vasoconstriction and increased resistance in the vascular system?
NE α1
Which hypothesis of autoregulation suggests that decreased pressure and flow result in buildup of vasodilator metabolites that produce vasodilation?
Metabolic hypothesis
Which mediator acts as a potent vasoconstrictor and is the key regulator of adrenal aldosterone secretion in the RAAS?
Angiotensin II (ATII)
Which mediator is responsible for reducing circulating volume by stimulating natriuresis and diuresis?
Atrial natriuretic peptide/BNP
Which mediator is tonically produced by normal endothelial cells and promotes vasodilation?
Nitric oxide (NO)
Which mediator is released by mast cells in areas of trauma or allergic responses and contributes to inflammatory and allergic vasodilation?
Histamine
Which mediator is released by white blood cells in the process of inflammatory responses and contributes to inflammatory and allergic vasodilation?
PGE2 and PGI2
Which of the following is the most likely cause of the patient's fainting spell?
Increased firing of parasympathetic fibers to the heart
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the sinoatrial node?
Increases heart rate
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on vascular smooth muscle?
Increases vascular tone
Which hypothesis of hypertension suggests that increased sympathetic tone leads to vasoconstriction and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activity?
Generalized autoregulation
Which of the following is a potential contributing factor to hypertension seen as a component of the metabolic syndrome?
All of the above
Which layer of blood vessels contains concentric layers of smooth muscle cells?
Tunica media
What is the relationship between wall tension (T), pressure (P), radius (r), and wall thickness (h) in blood vessels?
T = P * r * h
Which of the following is the most likely cause of the patient's fainting spell?
Decreased blood pressure
Which vessel receives output from the left ventricle and branches into numerous parallel vascular circuits?
Aorta
What is the primary role of the pulmonary circulation?
To carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues
What is the range of mean arterial pressure in which cerebral autoregulation maintains constant cerebral blood flow?
60-80 mmHg
Which hypothesis of hypertension suggests that increased sympathetic tone leads to vasoconstriction and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activity?
Neurogenic hypothesis
Which of the following mediators is responsible for vasoconstriction and increased resistance in the vascular system?
Thromboxane A2 (TXA2)
Which of the following is NOT a potential contributing factor to hypertension seen as a component of the metabolic syndrome?
Low levels of renin
Which hypothesis of autoregulation suggests that acute pressure-induced stretch of the arterial and arteriolar walls stimulates immediate constriction, while a rapid pressure drop elicits vasodilation?
Myogenic hypothesis
According to the Law of Laplace, which of the following occurs when the arterial wall weakens in response to increased pressure, causing a vicious cycle of dilation, increased radius, increased tension, and ultimately a weakened wall?
Increased wall tension
Which of the following factors has the greatest impact on vascular resistance?
Radius of the vessel
What is the equation for cardiac output (CO)?
CO = heart rate x stroke volume
Which of the following is the most likely cause of the patient's fainting spell?
Increased parasympathetic tone
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on vascular smooth muscle?
Vasoconstriction
Which mediator is responsible for reducing circulating volume by stimulating natriuresis and diuresis?
Atrial natriuretic peptide/BNP
Which mediator is released by white blood cells in the process of inflammatory responses and contributes to inflammatory and allergic vasodilation?
Histamine
Which receptor is responsible for vasoconstriction and increased resistance in the vascular system?
a1 receptor
According to the Law of Laplace, which of the following occurs when the arterial wall weakens in response to increased pressure, causing a vicious cycle of dilation, increased radius, increased tension, and ultimately a weakened wall?
Aneurysm
What is the relationship between blood flow velocity and cross-sectional area?
Inversely related
What is the most important biochemical mediator produced by endothelial cells and smooth muscle layers that promotes vasodilation, maintains vessel patency and vascular wall health, and lowers blood pressure?
Nitric oxide
Which of the following is a compensatory response to an acute drop in blood pressure?
Increased firing of sympathetic fibers to vascular smooth muscle
Which of the following hypotheses of hypertension suggests that increased sympathetic tone leads to vasoconstriction and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activity?
Chronically increased sympathetic tone that leads to vasoconstriction and RAAS activity
Which mediator is responsible for reducing circulating volume by stimulating natriuresis and diuresis?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Which segment of the vascular system has lower pressure and vascular resistance compared to the systemic circuit?
Pulmonary circuit
What is the most important biochemical mediator produced by endothelial cells and smooth muscle layers that promotes vasodilation, maintains vessel patency and vascular wall health, and lowers blood pressure?
Nitric oxide (NO)
Test your knowledge on the major functions and mechanisms of mediators in resistance and regulation of blood pressure. Learn about the role of sympathetic vasoconstrictor fibers, circadian rhythm, and the prevention of orthostatic hypotension. Explore the effects of epinephrine and its role in blood pressure maintenance.
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