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Questions and Answers
Which muscle group is primarily responsible for the extension and rotation of the head and neck?
What is the primary function of the transverse spinal muscles?
Where do the longissimus muscles primarily attach distally?
Which part of the Erector Spinae is responsible for lateral flexion of the vertebral column and is the most lateral?
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Which muscle is NOT part of the transversospinalis muscle group?
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Which of the following is the common distal attachment for the iliocostalis?
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What is the primary role of the serratus posterior inferior muscle?
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Which of the following muscles connects from the spinous processes of TV11 to LV2?
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What is the primary action of the Iliocostalis muscles?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the Transversospinalis Muscle Group?
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Where does the Longissimus capitis muscle primarily attach?
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What is the common nerve supply for the Spinalis group of muscles?
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The Iliocostalis thoracis originates from which location?
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Which action is primarily facilitated by the semispinalis thoracis and cervicis muscles?
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Which of these muscles is part of the Erector Spinae group?
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What is a characteristic function of the Longissimus thoracis?
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Which muscle group is primarily involved in stabilizing adjoining vertebrae during spinal motion?
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What is the primary function of the longissimus muscle within the erector spinae group?
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Which of the following muscles forms part of the suboccipital triangle?
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Where does the iliocostalis muscle primarily attach?
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What anatomical structure lies at the floor of the suboccipital triangle?
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Which condition is characterized by a slippage of one vertebral body over another?
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What reliably identifies spondylolysis on a radiograph?
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What is a common symptom of vertebral compression fractures?
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Which of the following conditions is considered primary osteoporosis?
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What is a significant risk factor for developing secondary osteoporosis?
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Study Notes
Muscles of the Back
- The back muscles can be divided into three layers: superficial extrinsic, intermediate extrinsic and intrinsic
- Superficial extrinsic back muscles are: trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, and rhomboids
- Intermediate extrinsic back muscles are: serratus posterior superior and inferior
- Intrinsic back muscles are: muscles of the back proper or deep back muscles
Deep Muscles of the Back (Intrinsic)
- Deep back muscles are innervated by the posterior rami of spinal nerves
- Deep back muscles maintain posture and control movements of the vertebral column
- Location from pelvis to skull
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Deep Back Muscles include:
- Extensors and rotators of head and neck: splenius capitis and splenius cervicis
- Short segmental muscles: interspinales and intertransversarii
- Spinal extensors: erector spinae: iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
- Spinal rotators: transversospinales: semispinalis, rotatores, and multifidi
Erector Spinae (aka Sacrospinalis)
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Common distal attachment: Broad, thick tendon attached to:
- Median sacral crest
- Spines of TV11, 12 and all LV
- Supraspinous ligaments
- Medial, dorsal ilium & lateral aspect of sacral crests
Erector Spinae (aka Sacrospinalis) - Subdivision
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Erector Spinae is subdivided into three muscle groups:
- Iliocostalis group
- Longissimus group
- Spinalis group
Iliocostalis Group (Erector Spinae)
- Iliocostalis Group has a common distal attachment for iliocostalis lumborum
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Proximal attachments:
- Iliocostalis Lumborum: Inferior borders of the lower 6 or 7 costal angles
- Iliocostalis Thoracis: Upper borders of the lower costal angles; ascends to the superior borders of the upper costal angles & the back of the 7th cervical transverse process
- Iliocostalis Cervicis: Ascends from the 3rd-6th costal angles to the posterior tubercles of the 4th to 6th cervical transverse process
- Nerve Supply: Dorsal rami of C, T and upper L nerves
- Action: Extension and lateral flexion of the vertebral column
Longissimus Group (Erector Spinae)
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Longissimus has three muscles within the muscular group
- Longissimus thoracis: Tips of all thoracic transverse processes & the lower 9 or 10 ribs between their tubercles & angles
- Longissimus cervicis: From long tendons attached from TV1-TV4 or T5 transverse processes to tendons attached to CV2-CV6 transverse process posterior tubercles
- Longissimus capitis: From tendons of TV1-TV4 or T5 transverse processes & lower 3 or 4 cervical articular processes to the posterior margin of mastoid process
- Nerve Supply: Dorsal rami of lower C, T & L spinal nerves
- Action: Thoracis & cervicis: extend and side bend vertebral column; Capitis: extends the head and rotates the face to the same side
Spinalis Group (Erector Spinae)
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Spinalis group has three muscles within the muscular group
- Spinalis thoracis: From TV11-LV2 spines to TV4 - TV8 spines
- Spinalis cervicis: Lower ligamentum nuchae, CV7 spine to spine of CV2
- Spinalis capitis: Blended with semispinalis capitis
- Nerve Supply: Dorsal rami of lower Cervical & Thoracic spinal nerves
- Action: Extension of vertebral column
Transversospinalis Muscle Group
- Location: Ascends obliquely and medially from transverse processes to adjacent vertebral spines
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Subdivision:
- Semispinalis thoracis, cervicis & capitis
- Multifidi
- Rotatores: lumborum, thoracis & cervicis
- Nerve Supply: Dorsal rami C and T spinal nerves
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Action:
- Semispinalis thoracis & cervicis: Extend T & C vertebral regions, rotate head contralaterally
- Capitis: Extend the head, minimal rotation
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Description
Test your knowledge on the muscles of the back, including their classification into superficial, intermediate, and intrinsic categories. This quiz covers key muscles, their functions, and their anatomical locations. Perfect for anatomy students or anyone interested in human physiology!
