Questions and Answers
Once a motor neuron has fired, all the muscle fibers in a muscle contract.
False
A motor neuron and all the muscle cells that it stimulates are referred to as a motor end plate.
False
Peristalsis is characteristic of smooth muscle.
True
A contraction in which the muscle does not shorten but its tension increases is called isometric.
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During isotonic contraction, the heavier the load, the faster the velocity of contraction.
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One of the important functions of skeletal muscle contraction is production of heat.
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Although there are no sarcomeres, smooth muscle still possesses thick and thin filaments.
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A resting potential is caused by a difference in the concentration of certain ions inside and outside the cell.
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The effect of a neurotransmitter on the muscle cell membrane is to modify its ion permeability properties temporarily.
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Which muscle cells have the greatest ability to regenerate?
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Most muscles contain ________.
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Which of the following is not a usual result of resistance exercise?
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Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell there is a short period called the ________ period during which the events of excitation-contraction coupling occur.
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Creatine phosphate functions in the muscle cell by ________.
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The major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction is to ________.
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The striations of a skeletal muscle cell are produced, for the most part, by ____.
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Which of the following are composed of myosin?
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During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to which active sites?
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Which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell?
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Rigor mortis occurs because ________.
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Which of the choices below does not describe how recovery oxygen uptake (oxygen deficit) restores metabolic conditions?
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The oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells is ________.
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The contractile units of skeletal muscles are ________.
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One functional unit of a skeletal muscle is _____.
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The functional role of the T tubules is to ____.
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The role of calcium ions in muscle contraction is to _____
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During vigorous exercise, there may be insufficient oxygen available to completely break down pyruvic acid for energy. As a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to ________.
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When a muscle is unable to respond to stimuli temporarily, it is in which of the following periods?
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In an isotonic contraction, the muscle ________.
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The muscle cell membrane is called the ________.
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Smooth muscle is characterized by all of the following except ________.
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Muscle tissue has all of the following properties except ________.
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Which of the following statements is true?
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An anaerobic metabolic pathway that results in the production of two net ATPs per glucose plus two pyruvic acid molecules is ________.
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The sliding filament model of contraction involves ________.
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After nervous stimulation stops, what prevents ACh in the synaptic cleft from continuing to stimulate contraction?
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Study Notes
Muscle Fundamentals
- Muscle fibers contract as a whole when stimulated by a motor neuron.
- A motor neuron and its associated muscle fibers form a motor unit, not a motor end plate.
Muscle Types and Properties
- Smooth muscle exhibits peristalsis, a wave-like contraction.
- Isometric contractions increase tension without shortening the muscle, while isotonic contractions change muscle length to move a load.
- Skeletal muscle contraction generates heat and is vital for thermoregulation.
Muscle Regeneration
- Smooth muscle has the highest regenerative ability among muscle types.
Muscle Composition
- Most muscles consist of a mixture of fiber types, combining different strength and endurance characteristics.
- Resistance exercise does not increase the number of muscle cells, but it enhances myofibril quantity within existing muscle fibers.
Muscle Physiological Processes
- The latent period follows stimulation at skeletal muscle, during which relaxation and contraction mechanisms initiate.
- Creatine phosphate temporarily stores energy to resynthesize ATP during muscle activity.
Calcium and Muscle Function
- The sarcoplasmic reticulum regulates intracellular calcium levels during muscle contraction.
- Myofibrils, composed of sarcomeres, are the functional units of skeletal muscle.
Actin-Myosin Interaction
- Myosin forms thick filaments that interact with actin filaments during contraction.
- Cross-bridges between myosin and actin are essential for muscle contraction.
Muscle Cell Structures
- Endomysium surrounds individual muscle fibers, while epimysium surrounds entire muscles.
- The sarcolemma is the muscle cell membrane, crucial for maintaining ion gradients.
Muscle Fatigue and Recovery
- Rigor mortis occurs post-mortem due to a lack of ATP, preventing myosin from detaching from actin.
- Recovery oxygen uptake helps restore energy levels without increasing lactic acid levels.
Special Muscle Proteins
- Myoglobin is the oxygen-binding protein in muscle cells, facilitating aerobic respiration.
- The sliding filament model explains contraction as actin and myosin sliding past one another.
Muscle System Characteristics
- Smooth muscle lacks troponin, has a unique filament arrangement, and dense bodies instead of sarcomeres.
- Muscle tissue possesses properties such as contractility, extensibility, and excitability, but not secretion.
Energy Production
- Glycolysis is an anaerobic process yielding two ATPs and two pyruvic acids from glucose, critical for energy during intense exercise.
Muscle Contraction Control
- Acetylcholinesterase degrades ACh in the synaptic cleft, halting muscle contraction after stimulation.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Chapter 9 regarding muscles and muscle tissue with these flashcards. This quiz covers important concepts such as motor neurons, muscle contractions, and the characteristics of smooth muscle. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding in this area.
