Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 9 Flashcards

Isotonic contractions in which muscle shortens and does work like picking up a book.

Isotonic contractions in which muscle generates force as it lengthens.

No movement; no shortening of muscle; cannot move a load.

<p>Even relaxed muscles are almost always slightly contracted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High energy storage molecule called creatine phosphate gives up phosphate to ADP to form ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiration that occurs without oxygen present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycolysis breaks down glucose and pyruvic acid enters mitochondria for complete breakdown.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP use exceeds ATP production and excessive accumulation of lactic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen reserves must be replenished, lactic acid must be converted, glycogen stores replaced, and ATP reserves resynthesized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Number of muscle fibers stimulated, relative size of fibers, frequency of stimulation, and degree of muscle stretch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slow contracting muscle that produces ATP through aerobic pathway and resists fatigue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle fibers that use anaerobic pathways and tire quickly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases number of mitochondria within muscle fibers and synthesizes more myoglobin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle gets too small due to lack of use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bulbous swellings of nerve fibers that release neurotransmitters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Varicosities have neurotransmitters with clefts for many areas of reception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No sarcomeres, no T tubules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium binds to calmodulin and activates myosin light chain kinase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autonomic nerves release different neurotransmitters; some excite and some inhibit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can respond to a stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If stimulated, it shortens and thickens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has the ability to stretch past its normal length.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can convert back to its normal shape and size if extended or contracted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Involuntary and found in hollow organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Involuntary with striations and intercalated disks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generating heat and moving bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skeletal muscle fibers, blood vessels, nerve fibers, connective tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Either periosteum or perichondrium does the attachment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Connective tissue extending beyond the end of the muscle to the bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A rope-like extension of connective tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Connective tissue that is flat sheet-like.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attachment to an immovable bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An overcoat of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surrounds each fascicle of muscle fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A wispy areolar connective tissue sheath surrounding each individual muscle fiber.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A collection of muscle fibers that bundles together to make a muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The plasma membrane of a muscle cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytoplasm of a muscle cell containing glycosomes and myoglobin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rod-like structures running parallel to the muscle fiber's length.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vesicles that contain glycogen as a storage medium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulates intracellular levels of ionic calcium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A lighter region at the midsection of a dark A band.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It vertically bisects each H zone and is formed by proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A darker area that is the midline interruption of a light I band.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The region of a myofibril between two successive Z discs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small structures within sarcomeres that contain actin or myosin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myosin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Actin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They extend from Z discs and connect each myofibril to the next.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primarily composed of myosin, some actin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each molecule consists of two heavy and four light polypeptide chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myosin heads link thick and thin filaments together during contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active sites for myosin heads to attach during contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins that help regulate muscle contraction by binding to actin and tropomyosin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Helps maintain organization of A band and spring back into place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase surface area for muscle contraction impulses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The end of the sarcomere, shared between two adjacent sarcomeres.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The entire length of the thick myofilament.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Where there are only thin myofilaments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thin myofilaments slide over thick myofilaments during contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The modification of sarcolemma where muscle fiber is adjacent to a neuron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Must generate action potential and increase intracellular calcium levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Membranous sacs containing neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Action potential opens calcium channels, triggering neurotransmitter release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process where ACh triggers action potential and calcium release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process where myosin heads pull thin myofilaments toward H zone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and muscle relaxes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A single, rapid, jerky response to a single stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variations needed for proper control of skeletal movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A phenomenon where rapid successive stimuli lead to stronger contractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sustained but quivering contraction due to constant stimulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maximal muscle tension with smooth, sustained contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stronger contractions due to incomplete relaxation between stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscle contraction that produces movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers